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Bargaining Theory

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Nash Bargaining Solution

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A solution to a bargaining problem that maximizes the product of the players' utility gains from their disagreement point.

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Disagreement Point

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The fallback outcome if the negotiations fail, typically representing the status quo or the utility the players would get if they don't reach an agreement.

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Pareto Efficiency

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An allocation is Pareto efficient in bargaining if there is no other allocation that makes one player better off without making the other worse off.

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Integrative Bargaining

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A negotiation strategy that seeks to cooperate to achieve a 'win-win' outcome by enlarging the pie rather than distributing it.

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ZOPA (Zone of Possible Agreement)

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The range between the minimum that a seller is willing to accept and the maximum that a buyer is willing to pay.

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Edgeworth Box

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A graphical representation of the various possible outcomes of a two-person bargaining problem, where utility possibilities are shown and the agreement area is typically between the two parties' indifference curves.

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Distributive Bargaining

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A competitive negotiation strategy that is used to decide how to distribute a fixed resource, such as money, between two parties.

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BATNA (Best Alternative to a Negotiated Agreement)

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The most advantageous alternative course of action a party can take if negotiations fail and an agreement cannot be reached.

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