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In repeated games, a player responds with the same action as the opponent's previous turn, fostering cooperation by immediate reciprocation.

A situation in game theory where one participant's gains or losses are exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the other participant(s).

The most advantageous alternative course of action a party can take if negotiations fail and an agreement cannot be reached.

A game in which each player hopes to benefit from the other's fear of conflict, leading to a situation where both players may choose to withdraw to avoid a mutually bad outcome.

An allocation of resources in which it is impossible to make any one individual better off without making at least one individual worse off.

A standard example of a game analyzed in game theory that shows why two individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interest to do so.

A situation where no player can benefit by changing strategies while the other players keep theirs unchanged.

A game in which one party (the proposer) offers a division of a resource and the other party (the responder) can accept or reject it, where rejection means both parties receive nothing.