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An allocation of resources in which it is impossible to make any one individual better off without making at least one individual worse off.

The most advantageous alternative course of action a party can take if negotiations fail and an agreement cannot be reached.

A situation where no player can benefit by changing strategies while the other players keep theirs unchanged.

A standard example of a game analyzed in game theory that shows why two individuals might not cooperate, even if it appears that it is in their best interest to do so.

A game in which each player hopes to benefit from the other's fear of conflict, leading to a situation where both players may choose to withdraw to avoid a mutually bad outcome.

A situation in game theory where one participant's gains or losses are exactly balanced by the losses or gains of the other participant(s).

In repeated games, a player responds with the same action as the opponent's previous turn, fostering cooperation by immediate reciprocation.

In zero-sum games, a strategy that minimizes the possible loss for a worst-case (maximum loss) scenario.