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Basic Statistical Terms
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Mode
The most frequently occurring value in a dataset.
Range
The difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset.
Alternative Hypothesis
The hypothesis that states there is a statistically significant effect or relationship.
Parameter
A numerical value that summarizes a characteristic of the population.
Median
The middle value when all the numbers are ordered from least to greatest.
Outlier
A value that lies outside the overall pattern of a distribution, usually significantly higher or lower than most of the other values in a set.
Regression
A statistical method used to examine the relationship between two or more variables.
Statistic
A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.
Mean
The sum of all values divided by the number of values.
Probability
A measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.
Statistical Significance
The likelihood that a result or relationship is caused by something other than mere random chance.
Population
The entire group of individuals or instances about whom we hope to learn.
Correlation
A statistical measure that describes the extent to which two variables are related.
Type I Error
The incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis (also known as a 'false positive').
Interquartile Range (IQR)
A measure of statistical dispersion, being equal to the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles, or between upper and lower quartiles.
Normal Distribution
A symmetric, bell-shaped distribution of data that is fully described by the mean and standard deviation.
Central Limit Theorem
The theorem that states the sampling distribution of the sample mean will be approximately normally distributed if the sample size is large enough, regardless of the shape of the population distribution.
Confidence Interval
A range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter with a certain level of confidence.
Biased Sample
A sample that does not fairly represent the population.
Type II Error
The failure to reject a false null hypothesis (also known as a 'false negative').
Standard Deviation
The square root of the variance, measuring the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values.
Random Variable
A variable whose possible values are numerical outcomes of a random phenomenon.
Sample
A subset of a population, selected to represent the population in a statistical study.
p-value
The probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.
Power
The probability that a statistical test will reject the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is true.
Effect Size
A quantitative measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect.
Histogram
A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data.
Variance
The average of the squared differences from the mean.
Sampling
The process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.
Null Hypothesis
A general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena.
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