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The failure to reject a false null hypothesis (also known as a 'false negative').

A numerical measure that describes an aspect of a sample.

The process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.

A variable whose possible values are numerical outcomes of a random phenomenon.

The incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis (also known as a 'false positive').

A graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data.

The entire group of individuals or instances about whom we hope to learn.

A range of values that is likely to contain the population parameter with a certain level of confidence.

A numerical value that summarizes a characteristic of the population.

A measure of statistical dispersion, being equal to the difference between the 75th and 25th percentiles, or between upper and lower quartiles.

The theorem that states the sampling distribution of the sample mean will be approximately normally distributed if the sample size is large enough, regardless of the shape of the population distribution.

The probability that a statistical test will reject the null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is true.

The middle value when all the numbers are ordered from least to greatest.

A statistical method used to examine the relationship between two or more variables.

A general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena.

The likelihood that a result or relationship is caused by something other than mere random chance.

The most frequently occurring value in a dataset.

The square root of the variance, measuring the amount of variation or dispersion in a set of values.

The sum of all values divided by the number of values.

A subset of a population, selected to represent the population in a statistical study.

The probability of obtaining test results at least as extreme as the results actually observed, under the assumption that the null hypothesis is correct.

A value that lies outside the overall pattern of a distribution, usually significantly higher or lower than most of the other values in a set.

The hypothesis that states there is a statistically significant effect or relationship.

A measure of the likelihood that an event will occur.

The difference between the highest and lowest values in a dataset.

A symmetric, bell-shaped distribution of data that is fully described by the mean and standard deviation.

A statistical measure that describes the extent to which two variables are related.

A quantitative measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect.

A sample that does not fairly represent the population.