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Statistical Quality Control

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Process Adjustment

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A technique in which a process is tweaked or modified based on control chart signals to ensure that it remains in a state of statistical control.

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Continuous Improvement (Kaizen)

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A philosophy that focuses on the ongoing improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, and business management.

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Run Chart

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A graph that displays observed data in a time sequence to identify trends, shifts, or patterns that might occur in the process over time.

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Control Charts

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A control chart is used to monitor a process over time for stability and to detect the presence of special-cause variation.

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Statistical Process Control (SPC)

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A method of quality control which employs statistical methods to monitor and control a process, ensuring that it operates at its full potential.

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Sampling

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The process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.

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Scatter Plot

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A graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of data.

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Taguchi Methods

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Developed by Genichi Taguchi, these methods improve the quality of manufactured goods through robust design and the minimization of variation.

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Process Capability (Cp, Cpk)

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Process capability indices measure how well a process can produce output within specified limits. Cp is used when the process is centered, while Cpk accounts for centering and spread.

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Six Sigma

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A disciplined, data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating defects in any process, aiming for no more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities.

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Total Quality Management (TQM)

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A management approach to long-term success through customer satisfaction that involves all members of an organization in improving processes, products, and services.

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Histogram

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A graphical representation of the distribution of a set of data that helps to understand its central tendency, dispersion, and shape.

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Type I and Type II Errors

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Type I error occurs when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected. Type II error occurs when a false null hypothesis fails to be rejected.

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Cause-and-Effect Diagram

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Also known as a Fishbone or Ishikawa diagram, it is a tool used to identify the likely causes of defects or problems within a process.

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Pareto Chart

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A bar graph that shows the frequency of defects, as well as their cumulative impact, highlighting the most significant factors in a data set.

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Standard Deviation

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A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values, indicating how much individual values typically differ from the mean.

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Acceptance Sampling

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A statistical method used to determine whether to accept or reject a quantity of material based on the sampling instead of checking the entire lot.

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ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

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A statistical technique that tests for differences between two or more group means.

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Root Cause Analysis

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A problem-solving methodology used to uncover the fundamental reason for a defect or problem, leading to its resolution.

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Design of Experiments (DOE)

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A systematic method to determine the relationship between factors affecting a process and the output of that process.

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