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Statistical Quality Control
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Process Adjustment
A technique in which a process is tweaked or modified based on control chart signals to ensure that it remains in a state of statistical control.
Continuous Improvement (Kaizen)
A philosophy that focuses on the ongoing improvement of processes in manufacturing, engineering, and business management.
Run Chart
A graph that displays observed data in a time sequence to identify trends, shifts, or patterns that might occur in the process over time.
Control Charts
A control chart is used to monitor a process over time for stability and to detect the presence of special-cause variation.
Statistical Process Control (SPC)
A method of quality control which employs statistical methods to monitor and control a process, ensuring that it operates at its full potential.
Sampling
The process of selecting a subset of individuals from a population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.
Scatter Plot
A graph of plotted points that show the relationship between two sets of data.
Taguchi Methods
Developed by Genichi Taguchi, these methods improve the quality of manufactured goods through robust design and the minimization of variation.
Process Capability (Cp, Cpk)
Process capability indices measure how well a process can produce output within specified limits. Cp is used when the process is centered, while Cpk accounts for centering and spread.
Six Sigma
A disciplined, data-driven approach and methodology for eliminating defects in any process, aiming for no more than 3.4 defects per million opportunities.
Total Quality Management (TQM)
A management approach to long-term success through customer satisfaction that involves all members of an organization in improving processes, products, and services.
Histogram
A graphical representation of the distribution of a set of data that helps to understand its central tendency, dispersion, and shape.
Type I and Type II Errors
Type I error occurs when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected. Type II error occurs when a false null hypothesis fails to be rejected.
Cause-and-Effect Diagram
Also known as a Fishbone or Ishikawa diagram, it is a tool used to identify the likely causes of defects or problems within a process.
Pareto Chart
A bar graph that shows the frequency of defects, as well as their cumulative impact, highlighting the most significant factors in a data set.
Standard Deviation
A measure of the amount of variation or dispersion of a set of values, indicating how much individual values typically differ from the mean.
Acceptance Sampling
A statistical method used to determine whether to accept or reject a quantity of material based on the sampling instead of checking the entire lot.
ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)
A statistical technique that tests for differences between two or more group means.
Root Cause Analysis
A problem-solving methodology used to uncover the fundamental reason for a defect or problem, leading to its resolution.
Design of Experiments (DOE)
A systematic method to determine the relationship between factors affecting a process and the output of that process.
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