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Emphasized emotion and individualism, expanded orchestras. Famous composers include Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Johannes Brahms, and Frédéric Chopin.

Characterized by clarity, balance, and formality. Famous composers include Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven (early), and Joseph Haydn.

Focused on suggestion and atmosphere. Famous composers include Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel.

Marked by stylistic diversity and innovation. Famous composers include Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, and Béla Bartók.

Known for elaborate ornamentation and complex counterpoint. Famous composers include Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, and Antonio Vivaldi.

Based on the method of 12-tone technique, structuring pieces using series of pitches, dynamics, rhythms. Composers include Anton Webern and Pierre Boulez.

Aimed at expressing meaning or emotional experience rather than physical reality. Famous composers include Arnold Schoenberg and Alban Berg.

Utilizes electronic musical instruments and technology in production. Famous composers include Karlheinz Stockhausen and Jean-Michel Jarre.

Focused on vocal music with smooth polyphony. Famous composers include Josquin des Prez, Thomas Tallis, and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.

Draws upon the style and form of earlier classical music. Composers include Igor Stravinsky and Sergei Prokofiev.

Characterized by repetition and phasing. Famous composers include Steve Reich, Philip Glass, and Terry Riley.