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Electronic Music Production Terms

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Distortion

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An effect used to change the sound quality by creating harmonics or 'dirty' texture, through various methods such as overdrive, saturation, and fuzz.

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Phaser

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An effect that creates a series of peaks and troughs in the frequency spectrum of a sound, creating a sweeping effect reminiscent of a jet plane.

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Noise Gate

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A type of dynamic range expander that attenuates an audio signal when it falls below a set threshold, often used to reduce background noise or hiss.

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Wavetable Synthesis

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A technique that employs a series of waveforms, or 'wavetables', that can be scanned through or morphed to create complex sounds and tones.

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Reverb

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An effect that simulates the reflection of sounds in a physical space, adding ambience or a sense of space to the source audio.

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Subtractive Synthesis

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A method of sound synthesis where harmonically rich waveforms are shaped by filters to reduce certain frequencies, thus creating the final sound.

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Ducking

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A technique similar to sidechain compression where a signal's volume is reduced when another signal is present, used to create more space in the mix for elements like vocals.

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Synthesizer

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An electronic instrument capable of generating audio signals to create sounds through various methods such as subtractive, additive, FM, and physical modeling synthesis.

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EQ

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Short for 'Equalization', the process of adjusting the balance between frequency components within an electronic signal.

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ADSR

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Stands for Attack, Decay, Sustain, and Release, which are the four stages that define the sound envelope of a musical note.

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Granular Synthesis

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A method of sound synthesis based on splitting audio into small particles or 'grains' and then rearranging, modulating, or resynthesizing the sound.

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Multiband Compression

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A type of dynamic range compression that allows for the independent compression of different frequency bands within an audio signal.

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Clipping

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A form of waveform distortion that occurs when an amplifier is overdriven and attempts to deliver an output voltage or current beyond its maximum capability.

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Sidechain

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A production technique where the level of one sound is reduced by the presence of another (e.g. the kick drum reducing the volume of a bass line). Commonly used in dance music for the 'pumping' effect.

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LFO

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Stands for Low-Frequency Oscillator, a type of non-audio signal used to modulate synthesis parameters, like pitch or filter cutoff, in a rhythmic fashion.

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Filter Cutoff

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The frequency at which an audio filter begins to attenuate the amplitude of signal components above or below a certain threshold.

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MIDI

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An acronym for Musical Instrument Digital Interface, a technical standard that describes a communications protocol, digital interface, and connectors that allow electronic musical instruments to connect and communicate with computers.

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Oscillator

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In synthesis, a component that generates periodic waveforms to produce pitch and is the primary source of sound in a synthesizer.

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Quantization

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The process of aligning musical notes to a grid in a Digital Audio Workstation (DAW). This can be used to correct timing errors and rigidify rhythmic patterns.

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Compression

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A dynamic range processing effect that reduces the volume of loud sounds or amplifies quiet sounds by narrowing the dynamic range of an audio signal.

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Waveform

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A graphical representation of the shape of a sound wave which can be a sine, square, triangle, or sawtooth in a synthesizer.

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Autotune

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A processor that corrects the pitch of a vocal or solo instrument to the nearest true semitone (or chosen scale tones).

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Bitcrusher

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An effect that reduces the bit depth or sample rate of digital audio, resulting in audible distortion and a 'lo-fi' sonic texture.

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Limiting

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A type of dynamic range compression with a very high ratio and a fast attack time, used to prevent an audio signal from peaking above a certain level.

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Low-Pass Filter

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An electronic filter that passes signals with a frequency lower than a certain cutoff frequency and attenuates frequencies higher than the cutoff frequency.

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Vocoder

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An effect by which the spectral character of one sound is imposed upon another, often used to create a 'robotic' voice effect.

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Sampler

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An electronic or digital musical instrument that uses sound recordings (or 'samples') of real instrument sounds or other audio material, which can be played back in various ways.

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Chorus

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An effect that simulates the slight variations in pitch and timing that occur when multiple performers play or sing the same part.

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Delay

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An effect that records an audio signal for playback after a period of time, creating an echo or repetition of the sound.

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Arpeggiator

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A feature found in synthesizers and music software that automatically steps through a sequence of notes based on an input chord, thus creating an arpeggio.

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Saturation

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A form of mild distortion coming from overdriving analog equipment, typically characterized by 'warming up' the sound.

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