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Contrary motion occurs when two voices move in opposite directions, which is often desirable in counterpoint for maintaining independence of the lines and increasing the harmonic richness.

In First Species, each note in the added part (the counterpoint) corresponds to one note in the cantus firmus, usually in a 1:1 ratio. Both parts move in a rhythmically consistent fashion.

Fifth Species is a combination of the first four species. It features a free rhythm and use of all note values. Florid counterpoint is rich in melodic and rhythmic complexity.

Similar motion occurs when two voices move in the same direction but by different intervals. It is generally less problematic than parallel motion and can provide a sense of unity without loss of independence.

In oblique motion, one voice stays the same while the other moves up or down. It is used in counterpoint to maintain a stable pitch in one voice while allowing the other to change.

In Third Species, four notes in the counterpoint are set against each cantus firmus note, resulting in a 4:1 ratio. This species allows for more rhythmic variety and melodic complexity.

Consonance refers to harmonic sounds that are pleasant and agreeable. In counterpoint, the use of consonances as intervals is crucial for balance between the cantus firmus and the counterpoint.

Cross relations occur when two voices closely follow each other with the same note but altered (one sharp and one natural, for example). This is generally avoided in counterpoint as it may give an unstable or harsh sound.

Fourth Species is characterized by syncopations, where dissonances resolve by step to a consonance. The counterpoint ties over from one note into the next, creating a 1:1 ratio but the tie gives an effect of suspension.

In Second Species, two notes in the counterpoint are set against each note in the cantus firmus. This creates a 2:1 ratio, often incorporating passing tones to create a sense of motion.

Voice crossing is when a lower voice moves above a higher voice, or vice versa. In counterpoint, excessive voice crossing can blur the distinctiveness of each voice and is typically avoided.

Dissonance refers to harmonic sounds that create tension. In counterpoint, dissonances must be treated carefully, typically resolved by step to consonances and often approached and left by stepwise motion.

Parallel motion takes place when two voices move in the same direction by the same interval. In counterpoint, perfect parallel fifths and octaves are usually avoided as they reduce the independence of the voices.

A cantus firmus is a pre-existing melody forming the basis for a polyphonic composition like counterpoint. In counterpoint exercises, the cantus firmus remains constant while the counterpoint is composed against it.