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Ethical Theories and the Environment
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Utilitarianism
Balances environmental policies for greatest good
Deontology
Environment has intrinsic rights
Virtue Ethics
Encourages virtues like respect for nature
Deep Ecology
Advocates biocentric equality and deep respect for nature
Ecofeminism
Links environmental exploitation to gender inequality
Social Ecology
Environmental problems are rooted in social hierarchies
Anthropocentrism
Prioritizes human interests and well-being
Biocentrism
Considers all life forms valuable
Ecocentrism
Puts ecosystems at the center of ethical consideration
Environmental Pragmatism
Focuses on practical solutions over theoretical ethics
Land Ethic
Views humans as part of a larger ecological community
Environmental Justice
Addresses the distribution of environmental benefits and burdens
Stewardship
Supports careful management of the environment
Intrinsic Value
Attributes inherent worth to nature regardless of utility
Instrumental Value
Values nature for its utility to humans
Sustainability
Promotes meeting present needs without compromising the future
The Precautionary Principle
Avoids actions with unknown or potentially harmful environmental impacts
Environmental Virtue Ethics
Cultivates character traits conducive to environmental health
Climate Ethics
Examines moral issues related to climate change
Rights-based Approaches to Environmental Issues
Grants nature rights akin to human rights
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