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Promotes animal liberation; equal consideration of interests across species based on capacity to suffer.

Promotes the inherent worth of living beings; advocates for deep transformation of human societies in relation to the natural world.

Teleological view of nature, with each being having a purpose; virtue ethics to achieve eudaimonia.

Nature as a source of utilitarian pleasure; emphasizes the conservation of natural beauty for human happiness.

Nature has intrinsic value; duty-bound to avoid cruelty to animals as it could lead to cruelty to humans.

Highlighted the interconnectedness of all living things and the impact of human actions on the environment in 'Silent Spring'.

Criticizes the domination of nature parallel to gender, advocating for a partnership ethic with the environment.

Views nature as a living organism with a soul (World Soul); virtues are forms one should aspire to emulate.

Nature is a mechanism without moral features; ethical conclusions are derived from human sentiments.

Nature serves as a spiritual and transcendental resource; ethical living in harmony with nature.

Pantheism, identifies God with nature; ethical conduct is in accordance with understanding the universe.

Conservationist perspective; resources should be managed for the greatest good for the greatest number over the long term.

Biocentric egalitarianism; all living things have intrinsic worth and a good of their own.

The Land Ethic, which extends ethical consideration to land and ecosystems.