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Substance used: Tetrahydrogestrinone (THG). Consequences: Stripped of five Olympic medals and sentenced to prison for lying to federal agents. Policy changes: Increased scrutiny on athletes’ entourages and coaches.

Substance used: EPO, testosterone, cortisone, and human growth hormone. Consequences: Stripped of all seven Tour de France titles and banned for life. Policy changes: Strengthened anti-doping regulations and the requirement for athletes to make their whereabouts known for out-of-competition testing.

Substance used: Testosterone, HGH, and other PEDs. Consequences: Two-year ban and stripped of world record. Policy changes: Scrutiny on the role of coaches in doping, leading to harsher penalties for coaches.

Substance used: Testosterone and Primobolan. Consequences: Admission and apology, but not suspended. Policy changes: Major League Baseball (MLB) has since implemented more rigorous testing protocols.

Substance used: EPO and human growth hormone. Consequences: Returned Olympic relay gold. Policy changes: Posthumous scrutiny and more strict regulations on retrospective testing and medal stripping.

Substance used: Oxandrolone. Consequences: Suspended from competition, later a lifetime ban after second offense. Policy changes: Greater emphasis on lifetime bans for repeat doping offenders in track and field.

Substance used: Blood transfusion. Consequences: Two-year ban and stripped of Olympic gold medal. Policy changes: Prompted developments in the detection of blood doping.

Substance used: EPO and other performance-enhancing drugs. Consequences: Team disqualified and multiple suspensions. Policy changes: Led to the establishment of the World Anti-Doping Agency in 1999.

Substance used: Clenbuterol. Consequences: Stripped of 2010 Tour de France title and banned for two years. Policy changes: Discussions about allowable limits of certain substances in athletes’ systems.

Substance used: Meldonium. Consequences: Two-year suspension, later reduced to 15 months. Policy changes: Caused reevaluation of the World Anti-Doping Agency's banned substance list and athlete notification procedures.

Substance used: Stanozolol. Consequences: Stripped of his Olympic gold medal and world record. Policy changes: The scandal led to a tightening of drug testing procedures and increased calls for bans on athletes who test positive.

Substance used: Testosterone or its precursor. Consequences: Four-year ban from track and field. Policy changes: Renewed efforts to ban coaches involved in doping.

Substance used: Synthetic testosterone. Consequences: Stripped of Tour de France title. Policy changes: Enhanced testing techniques, especially in cycling.

Substance used: Stanozolol. Consequences: Ten-day MLB suspension. Policy changes: Contributed to strengthening of MLB's drug policy.