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The lever arm principle refers to the torque generated about a joint, which depends on the length of the lever arm and the force applied. Athletes can improve their mechanical advantage by optimizing lever lengths through technique adjustments.

Balance is the ability to maintain the body's center of mass over its base of support. Stability refers to the resistance to both linear and rotational changes in body position. Athletes enhance these qualities to prevent falls and improve technique.

Energy transfer is the relocation of energy from one part of a system to another. In sports, efficient energy transfer between body segments can enhance performance in skills that involve sequential movements.

The work-energy principle states that work done by forces on an object will result in a change in kinetic energy. Coaches use this principle to devise training regimes that improve the efficiency of how athletes perform work to maximize energy output.

Muscle preloading is the active stretching of a muscle prior to contraction, which can result in a more forceful subsequent contraction. This is used by athletes to enhance power output in movements like jumping and sprinting.

Electromyography (EMG) is the study of muscle function through the inquiry of the electrical signals that muscles produce when they contract. Athletes and coaches use EMG feedback to optimize training and prevent injury.

Elastic recoil refers to the ability of tissue, such as muscle, to return to its original shape after being stretched. Utilizing the elastic properties of muscles and tendons can improve performance in activities requiring explosive movements.

Segmental interaction refers to the way different parts of the body interact and contribute to the overall motion. Understanding this concept helps athletes coordinate body segments to improve efficiency and effectiveness in their movements.

Conservation of momentum states that within a closed system, the total momentum remains constant barring external forces. In sports, athletes use this principle to transfer momentum from one body segment to another to maximize force or speed.

The impulse-momentum relationship is expressed by the equation

Flow mechanics involve the study of air and fluid flow around objects, which impacts resistance and drag forces. Athletes and equipment designers use this knowledge to reduce drag and improve speed in sports such as cycling or swimming.

Quantitative motion analysis involves the measurement of movement in terms of the underlying numbers and is commonly used alongside technology to assess and enhance athletic performance through objective data.

Proprioception is the sense of the relative position of one's own parts of the body and strength of effort being employed in movement. It is crucial for athletes in refining technique and preventing injuries by maintaining proper form.

Force is any interaction that, when unopposed, will change the motion of an object. In sports, understanding how to effectively apply force can improve acceleration and power.

The coefficient of restitution is a measure of the 'bounciness' of a collision, quantifying the kinetic energy retained after impact. Equipment selection and technique modifications are influenced to maintain energy efficiency in activities.

Inverse dynamics is a biomechanical model that calculates the forces and moments of force required at the joints to produce a specific limb movement. It is used by scientists to understand the internal loads and to help athletes optimize technique.

The center of mass is the point in a body or system around which its mass is evenly distributed. In sports, athletes may shift their center of mass to enhance stability, maneuverability, and performance in various skills.

The optimal projection angle is the angle at which an object or athlete must be projected to achieve maximum horizontal or vertical distance. Techniques are adjusted to approach these angles to improve performance in jumping, throwing, or kicking.

Qualitative motion analysis involves the systematic observation and judgment of the quality of human movement for the purpose of providing the most appropriate intervention to improve performance.