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Survey research collects data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions. It is used when researchers want to gather data on phenomena that cannot be directly observed.

A case study is an in-depth examination of an individual or group, event, or situation over a period of time. It is appropriately used when studying unique cases that can provide insight into broader principles or behaviors.

Qualitative interviews involve open-ended, in-depth questions to gather detailed insights. They are used when researchers want to explore complex phenomena or collect detailed testimonies and experiences.

Field research involves direct observation and participation in the natural environment of the subjects. Ethnography, in particular, is used to study cultural phenomena from the inside.

Quantitative data analysis utilizes statistical methods to analyze numerical data and uncover patterns. It is used when the researcher wants to quantify variables and generalize findings from a larger sample population.

Experimental design involves manipulating one variable to determine if it causes a change in another variable. This method is used to establish causal relationships.

A longitudinal study follows subjects over time to observe long-term effects and changes. It's used when researching developments over time, such as the impact of early-life experiences on adult crime.

A cross-sectional study observes a defined population at a single point in time. This method is used to assess the prevalence of outcomes or characteristics in that population.

Secondary data analysis involves analyzing data collected by someone else. It is used when the researcher needs historical or extensive data that would be impractical or expensive to collect independently.

Mixed-methods research combines qualitative and quantitative techniques. This is used to provide a comprehensive analysis of research questions.

A meta-analysis is a statistical technique that combines the results of multiple scientific studies. It is used when researchers want to draw conclusions from an aggregated data set.

A systematic review critically assesses research studies to synthesize findings on a given topic. It is used to identify trends, gaps, and the overall evidence on the matter.

Content analysis examines patterns in communication in a systematic, objective, and quantitative manner. It is used when analyzing written, spoken, or visual communication.

Participant observation involves the researcher immersing themselves in a group to observe behaviors and interactions. This method is used when trying to gain a deep understanding of a group's culture.