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Crops that have undergone genetic engineering to introduce new genes from different species. They've been developed to have traits such as pest resistance or tolerance to herbicides, helping farmers to improve yields and quality.

A method for altering the DNA of an organism by cutting at specific points and, optionally, introducing new segments of DNA. In crop breeding, it's used to precisely create desirable traits in plants without introducing foreign DNA.

Plant varieties that have been passed down through multiple generations due to their valued characteristics. In crop breeding, these varieties provide a genetic reservoir that can be used for developing new varieties with desired traits.

A condition where the female reproductive organs mature before the male ones in hermaphroditic plants. This can be exploited in crop breeding to produce hybrids and to prevent self-fertilization, facilitating cross-pollination.

A condition where the cells of an organism have more than two complete sets of chromosomes. It's used in crop breeding to create new varieties with desirable traits such as larger fruit size or greater hardiness.

The process of increasing the nutritional content of crops through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding, or modern biotechnology. It's designed to combat nutrient deficiencies among populations relying on staple crops.

Organisms that have had their DNA altered or modified in some way through genetic engineering. In crop breeding, GMOs can help improve resistance to pests, herbicides, and environmental conditions.

A breeding method that involves crossing a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, in order to achieve offspring with a genetic identity that's closer to the parent. It's used for transferring specific desirable traits into a crop variety.

A horticultural technique where tissues from one plant are inserted into those of another so that the two sets may join together and continue their growth. Grafting is used to combine traits from two different plants, such as disease resistance with yield quality.

The response of an organism to seasonal changes in day length. In crop breeding, understanding photoperiodism is vital for developing crop varieties suitable for different latitudes and growing seasons.

A technique used in plant breeding to produce pure lines from haploid cells that have had their chromosome number doubled. It leads to uniformity and predictability in breeding programs, speeding up the development of new varieties.

The process of choosing specific plants or animals to reproduce with the goal of ensuring that certain desirable traits are represented in successive generations. In crop breeding, it focuses on improving plant characteristics such as yield, flavor, and disease resistance.

The increased vigor or other superior qualities arising from the crossbreeding of genetically different plants. It's applied to produce hybrid crops with higher yields, resistance to diseases, and other improved traits.

The process of using molecular markers to select for desirable traits in plants and animals. It speeds up the identification of plants with advantageous genes, thus improving crop varieties more efficiently.