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Noise reduction is a process applied to digital images to reduce the appearance of random speckles, or 'noise', which are particularly visible in low-light conditions or at high ISO settings.

Aperture refers to the size of the opening in the lens through which light passes to enter the camera. It is significant in determining the depth of field and the exposure of a photograph.

Shutter speed is the amount of time the camera's shutter is open, allowing light to hit the sensor. It affects the sharpness of moving objects and contributes to overall exposure.

A histogram is a graphical representation of the tonal values of a photo, showing the distribution of shadows, midtones, and highlights. It helps photographers assess the exposure and tonal range of their images.

Dynamic range is the ability of a camera to capture details in both the darkest and brightest parts of a scene. Cameras with a higher dynamic range can handle high contrast scenes better.

Exposure compensation allows the photographer to override the camera's automatic exposure settings, making an image brighter or darker as desired.

The exposure triangle consists of aperture, shutter speed, and ISO, which work together to determine the exposure of a photograph. Balancing these elements is key to achieving the desired lighting and depth of field.

Composition in photography refers to the arrangement and visual elements within a photograph. It's essential for creating a balanced and engaging image.

ISO is a measure of the camera sensor's sensitivity to light. A higher ISO allows for shooting in lower light conditions but can lead to increased noise in images.

Focal length, measured in millimeters, is the distance between the lens and the image sensor when focused on a subject. It determines the angle of view and magnification of the image.

A megapixel represents one million pixels and is used to measure the resolution of a camera sensor. More megapixels can offer greater detail when enlarging photos, but it's not the only factor determining image quality.

Chromatic aberration, also known as color fringing, occurs when a lens fails to focus all colors to the same convergence point, resulting in color outlines around objects, especially in high-contrast scenarios.

Depth of field is the range of distance within a photo that appears acceptably sharp. It is controlled by the aperture size, the focal length of the lens, and the distance from the subject.

Sensor size refers to the physical dimensions of the camera's image sensor. A larger sensor can capture more light and generally performs better in low-light conditions with less noise.

Bracketing is the practice of taking several shots of the same subject using different camera settings (exposure, white balance, etc.) to ensure at least one photo is correctly captured.

The rule of thirds is a compositional guideline that suggests dividing the image using two horizontal and two vertical lines. Important elements are placed along these lines or at their intersections to create balance.

White balance adjusts the colors of an image to make them more accurate to how they are perceived in real life, compensating for the color temperature of different light sources.

Burst mode, also known as continuous shooting mode, allows the photographer to take several photos in rapid succession by holding down the shutter button, useful for capturing action or the perfect moment.

RAW and JPEG are two different types of image file formats. RAW files contain unprocessed data and offer greater editing flexibility, while JPEG files are processed and compressed in-camera, resulting in smaller files but less post-processing capability.