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The quarter is the rear and side portion of the upper that covers the heel and sides of the foot. It meets the vamp in the middle of the shoe and is often stitched to it.

The heel is the rear part of the shoe that provides elevation. Heels can be built using stacked leather, rubber, or other materials and are often attached with nails or adhesive.

The shank is a supportive structure between the insole and outsole. It reinforces the arch of the shoe and is typically made from steel, fiberglass, or nylon.

The toe cap is an additional layer of material added to the toe box for durability or design. It is often seen in dress shoes and boots and is stitched or glued onto the upper.

The topline is the upper edge of the collar or opening of the shoe that comes into contact with the ankle and leg. It can be padded for comfort and can help in maintaining the shape of the upper.

The heel cup is a curved structure built into the rear of the shoe to support and cradle the heel. It helps to stabilize the foot and is constructed of sturdy materials for shape retention.

The toe box is the front part of the shoe that provides space and protection for the toes. It can be made from stiffened material to retain its shape and provide support to the toes.

An aglet is a small plastic or metal sheath at the end of a shoelace. It prevents the lace from fraying and makes it easier to thread the lace through the eyelets.

The sole is the bottom part of the shoe that comes in direct contact with the ground. The sole can be made of various materials like rubber, leather, or PVC and is often constructed through molding or cutting processes.

The vamp is the part of the upper that covers the top of the foot and the toes. It is crucial for the fit of the shoe and is cut and shaped from the chosen material before being attached to the rest of the upper.

The outsole is the outermost layer of the sole that is designed for durability and traction. Typically made from rubber, leather, or synthetic materials, it is stitched, glued, or molded onto the bottom of the shoe.

The counter is the stiff piece at the heel of a shoe, which helps maintain the shape and provides support. It is typically made from leather or plastic and is inserted between the lining and the upper of the heel.

The last is a mechanical form shaped like a human foot. It is vital in giving the shoe its shape during construction. Shoemakers choose lasts based on the style and size requirements of the shoe they are creating.

Welting is the process of attaching the upper part of the shoe to the sole. The most common method is Goodyear welting, where a strip of leather (the welt) is sewn to the upper and insole, and then the outsole is stitched to the welt.

The upper is the part of the shoe that covers the top of the foot. It is usually made from leather, synthetic materials, or fabric, and is stitched or glued to the midsole.

The lining is the material used inside the shoe that comes in contact with the foot. It is meant to provide comfort, absorb moisture, and enhance the shoe's durability. Common materials for lining include leather, textile, and synthetic fabrics.

Eyelets are the holes through which the shoelaces are threaded. They can be reinforced with metal, plastic, or stitched material to prevent tearing and to ease the motion of laces.

The sock liner is a thin layer of material placed over the insole for additional comfort and to reduce foot slippage within the shoe. It can be made of fabric or foam and is often removable.

The insole is the interior bottom portion of the shoe, which sits directly beneath the foot. It's usually made of a soft material for comfort and may be glued or sewn into place.