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Description: Erosional formation consisting of soft, easily eroded material. Size: Stretches over 1,000 km and can be 2 km thick. Scientific Significance: Suggests wind-driven processes; may contain water-altered materials.

Description: Impact crater named after Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli. Size: About 460 km in diameter. Scientific Significance: Landing site for the ExoMars Schiaparelli module; site for studying erosional processes.

Description: Ice formations at the Martian poles. Size: North cap spans about 1,000 km, South cap is smaller. Scientific Significance: Composed of water and carbon dioxide ice, indicating water resources on Mars.

Description: Impact crater thought to have once held a lake. Size: Approximately 49 km in diameter. Scientific Significance: The landing site for Perseverance Rover, looking for signs of ancient microbial life.

Description: Vast volcanic plateau centered near the equator. Size: Nearly 4,000 km across and 10 km high. Scientific Significance: Home to Olympus Mons and other large volcanoes; its formation affected the planet's geology and atmosphere.

Description: Largest volcano in the solar system. Size: About 600 km in diameter and 21 km high. Scientific Significance: Its size indicates Mars may lack plate tectonics, allowing the volcano to grow so large.

Description: Central peak in Gale Crater also known as Mount Sharp. Size: Rises 5.5 km above the crater floor. Scientific Significance: Its sedimentary layers provide a history of Mars' environmental conditions.

Description: Linear fractures or cracks in the Martian crust. Size: Hundreds of kilometers in length and varies in width. Scientific Significance: Indicative of crustal stretching, providing clues about the stress state of the Martian lithosphere.

Description: Vast canyon system on Mars. Size: Over 4,000 km long and up to 7 km deep. Scientific Significance: Provides evidence of geological processes similar to Earth's tectonics.

Description: Second largest volcanic region on Mars. Size: Covers an area of approximately 3,000 km by 2,500 km. Scientific Significance: Full of geological features indicating a history of volcanic and possible hydrothermal activity.

Description: Large plain within the largest impact basin on Mars. Size: The basin is over 3,300 km in diameter. Scientific Significance: Landing site of Viking 2 Lander; may possess underground ice deposits.

Description: Impact crater with the central peak, Mount Sharp. Size: About 154 km in diameter. Scientific Significance: Current home to the Curiosity Rover, providing valuable geological and climatic data.

Description: Complex system of deep, steep-walled valleys. Size: Region spans over 1,000 km across. Scientific Significance: Indicates extensive volcanic and tectonic activity, possibly linked to the formation of Valles Marineris.

Description: Large impact basin in the southern hemisphere. Size: About 2,300 km in diameter and 7 km deep. Scientific Significance: Site of many geological studies due to unique climatic conditions caused by its depth.