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Committee on Space Research, an organization founded by the International Council for Science that provides a forum for the exchange of information, research results, and discussions about space research.

International Space Station, a habitable artificial satellite in low Earth orbit that serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which scientific research is conducted.

Lunar Regolith Simulant Materials, simulants of lunar soil used for research and development purposes in preparation for lunar missions.

Mars Sample Return, a proposed space mission concept involving the return of samples from the surface of Mars to Earth for detailed analysis.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the US government agency responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research.

Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, the Japanese national aerospace agency responsible for space and planetary research, satellite development, and human spaceflight.

Enceladus Life Finder, a proposed space mission concept to assess the habitability of Enceladus, Saturn's moon, by studying its subsurface ocean through flybys.

Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, a scientific area whose goal is to detect intelligent life outside Earth, by looking for signs of transmission from civilizations on other planets.

James Webb Space Telescope, a space telescope developed for NASA with its partners, ESA and CSA, to succeed the Hubble Space Telescope as NASA's flagship mission in astrophysics.

Ultraviolet, a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays, used in various applications in space observation.

Space Launch System, an American Space Shuttle-derived heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle designed to be the primary launch vehicle of NASA's deep space exploration plans through the 2020s.

Ames Research Center, a NASA research center in California's Silicon Valley that conducts critical research in aeronautics, exploration technology, and science.

ROSETTA (not an acronym), a space probe built by the European Space Agency that performed a detailed study of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.

Geostationary Earth Orbit, a circumferential orbit directly above the Earth's equator approximately 35,786 km above mean sea level, with a period the same as the Earth's rotation period.

Extravehicular Activity, any activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside a spacecraft beyond an Earth orbit, commonly called a spacewalk.

Hubble Space Telescope, a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation, providing high-resolution images of deep space phenomena.

Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, a space telescope for NASA's Explorers program, designed to search for exoplanets using the transit method in an area 400 times larger than that covered by the Kepler mission.

Department of Defense, the federal department charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government directly related to national security and the United States Armed Forces, including space-related defense initiatives.

Very Large Telescope, a telescope facility operated by the European Southern Observatory on Cerro Paranal in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile.

European Space Agency, an intergovernmental organization dedicated to the exploration of space, with member states across Europe.

Low Earth Orbit, an Earth-centered orbit with an altitude of 2,000 kilometers or less, or at a period of about 128 minutes or less.

Orbital Large Telescope to Investigate the Universe and its Physical Strategic Lines (fictional acronym for illustrative purposes), a fictive concept for a future large-scale space observatory initiative designed to study the universe in unprecedented detail.

Near Earth Object, a term for asteroids, comets, and large meteoroids which orbit the Sun and whose orbits come close to that of the Earth's.

Large Habitable Spacecraft, a category in space architecture referring to spacecraft designed to support human life for extended periods outside Earth.