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Developed the heliocentric model of the solar system, which placed the Sun at the center rather than the Earth.

Used the telescope to confirm the heliocentric model and discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter, among other astronomical observations.

Formulated the three laws of planetary motion, which describe the orbits of planets around the Sun.

Established the law of universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, explaining the celestial and terrestrial motion.

Provided evidence that the universe is expanding by observing the redshift of galaxies, leading to the formulation of Hubble's Law.

Made precise astronomical measurements that laid the foundation for Kepler's laws of planetary motion.

Created the first comprehensive star catalog and is considered the founder of trigonometry.

Predicted the return of the comet now named after him (Halley's Comet) and contributed to the study of celestial mechanics.

Popularized astronomy and science through his book 'Cosmos' and the TV series of the same name; also contributed to the understanding of the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter.

Discovered the relation between the luminosity and the period of Cepheid variable stars, which became a key step in measuring cosmic distances.

Discovered Pluto in 1930, which was considered the ninth planet in the solar system until 2006.

Discovered the planet Uranus, the first new planet found since ancient times, and also discovered infrared radiation.

Proposed the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe, which suggested that the universe is expanding from an initial 'Primeval Atom'.

Determined the maximum mass for white dwarfs to remain stable (Chandrasekhar limit), above which they will collapse to form neutron stars or black holes.