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Detected indirectly through methods like transit photometry and radial velocity, which measure dimming of a star and wobbling motion respectively.

Observed in telescopes as a sudden brightening of a star, followed by a gradual fade. Studied by analyzing light curves and spectra.

Studied through space missions like the COBE and Planck satellites, detecting the thermal radiation considered the afterglow of the Big Bang.

Tracked and characterized through reflected sunlight using both ground-based and space telescopes, including radar imaging for shape and surface features.

Open and globular clusters are observed through telescopes, wherein their age and distance are determined through main sequence fitting and spectroscopic parallax.

Detected by their pulsed radiation, typically in the radio band but also in visible, X-ray, and gamma rays, using both ground and space-based telescopes.

Monitored using solar telescopes and satellites such as the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), by observing sudden brightening and energy release.

Studied by imaging and spectroscopy to learn about structure, composition, and distance, often using the Hubble Space Telescope among others.

Inferred by observing the gravitational effect on nearby objects and detecting emitted X-rays from accretion disks with space-based telescopes.

Identified at great distances by their immense luminosity, visible even across billions of light-years, and strong redshift indicating fast recession.

Observed through imaging telescopes capturing their emitted, reflected, or blocked light, and spectroscopy to determine chemical compositions.