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Studied by imaging and spectroscopy to learn about structure, composition, and distance, often using the Hubble Space Telescope among others.

Observed through imaging telescopes capturing their emitted, reflected, or blocked light, and spectroscopy to determine chemical compositions.

Observed in telescopes as a sudden brightening of a star, followed by a gradual fade. Studied by analyzing light curves and spectra.

Identified at great distances by their immense luminosity, visible even across billions of light-years, and strong redshift indicating fast recession.

Tracked and characterized through reflected sunlight using both ground-based and space telescopes, including radar imaging for shape and surface features.

Inferred by observing the gravitational effect on nearby objects and detecting emitted X-rays from accretion disks with space-based telescopes.

Observed using specialized satellites like the Swift and Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, detecting the most energetic form of electromagnetic events.

Detected by their pulsed radiation, typically in the radio band but also in visible, X-ray, and gamma rays, using both ground and space-based telescopes.

Monitored using solar telescopes and satellites such as the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), by observing sudden brightening and energy release.

Studied through space missions like the COBE and Planck satellites, detecting the thermal radiation considered the afterglow of the Big Bang.

Detected indirectly through methods like transit photometry and radial velocity, which measure dimming of a star and wobbling motion respectively.