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Space Telescopes and Missions
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COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer)
Launch Year: 1989 Major Discoveries: Measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation, confirming the Big Bang theory
James Webb Space Telescope
Launch Year: 2021 Major Discoveries: Too recent for major discoveries, but designed to study galaxy, star and planet formation
Kepler Space Telescope
Launch Year: 2009 Major Discoveries: Discovery of thousands of exoplanets, Earth-size planet candidates in habitable zones, multiple-planet systems
Hubble Space Telescope
Launch Year: 1990 Major Discoveries: Accelerating universe expansion, Hubble Deep Field, age and composition of the universe
Chandra X-ray Observatory
Launch Year: 1999 Major Discoveries: Supernova remnant details, dark matter maps, exoplanet detection through X-ray transit
WMAP (Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe)
Launch Year: 2001 Major Discoveries: Precision age of the universe, geometry measurement, content makeup (dark energy, dark matter, normal matter)
Spitzer Space Telescope
Launch Year: 2003 Major Discoveries: Detailed Milky Way maps, distant galaxies, exoplanet atmosphere composition
TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite)
Launch Year: 2018 Major Discoveries: Identification of hundreds of new exoplanets, including Earth-like planets in habitable zones
GAIA
Launch Year: 2013 Major Discoveries: 3D mapping of the Milky Way, tracking billions of stars, refining stellar distance measurements
Planck Satellite
Launch Year: 2009 Major Discoveries: Detailed measurements of cosmic microwave background, improved cosmological models with precise data
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