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Legal protection granted for an invention, which allows the patent holder to exclude others from making, using, or selling the invention for a certain number of years. Examples: New pharmaceuticals, tech gadgets.

A symbol, word, or phrase legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product. Examples: Nike Swoosh, McDonald's Golden Arches.

Legal rights given to the creator of original works of authorship, such as literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works. Examples: Books, songs, paintings.

Information that gives a business an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it. Examples: Coca-Cola formula, Google's search algorithm.

Protection of the aesthetic or ornamental aspect of a useful article. Examples: Unique appearance of an iPhone, shape of the Coca-Cola bottle.

A trademark used to identify services rather than products. Examples: FedEx services, American Airlines.

Signs used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities or a reputation due to that origin. Examples: Champagne from France, Parma Ham from Italy.

Protects the rights of the breeders of new varieties of plants by giving them an exclusive control over the plant material. Examples: New hybrid rose, disease-resistant wheat.

Protection for the layout designs (topologies) of semiconductor chips. Examples: Microprocessor designs, RAM chip layouts.

The visual appearance of a product or its packaging that signifies the source of the product to consumers. Examples: The shape of a bottle of Coca-Cola, the color scheme of Tiffany & Co. boxes.

Rights of creators to have their work attributed to them and to have their work remain unaltered. Examples: Right to claim authorship, right to object to distortion of work.

Protection for inventions that may not meet the patentability criteria and typically have a shorter protection term. Examples: Small technical innovations, practical inventions with shorter commercial life.

Extended legal protection for patented pharmaceutical and plant protection products which have been subjected to a lengthy testing and approval process. Examples: Extension of patent life for specific drugs after initial patent expires.

Laws and regulations that protect confidential business information from disclosure. Examples: Defense of Trade Secrets Act in the US, EU Directive on Trade Secrets.

Unique names that identify internet resources, such as websites, which can be legally protected to prevent confusion with the identity of businesses or products. Examples: Amazon.com, Google.com.

Legal rights that protect the effort of creating databases against extraction and reuse of the whole or substantial parts of the database. Examples: Membership lists, scientific research databases.

Protection for the design and layout of integrated circuits used in electronic devices. Examples: PCB design layouts, specific routing of wires in circuits.

Works of art or literature, motion pictures, or music for which the copyright owner is not known or cannot be found. Examples: Old photographs with unknown photographers, lost master recordings.

Rights related to the public performance or communication to the public of works such as plays, music, and dance. Examples: Royalties for radio play, public recital of a play.