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A bond is a fixed income instrument that represents a loan made by an investor to a borrower (typically corporate or governmental). A bond could be thought of as an I.O.U. between the lender and borrower that includes the details of the loan and its payments. Bonds are used by companies, municipalities, states, and sovereign governments to finance projects and operations.

A loan is a sum of money that is borrowed, which is expected to be paid back with interest. It can be obtained from banks or financial institutions. Loans can be used for various purposes including business expansion, capital investment, or personal needs.

Debentures are a type of debt instrument that is not secured by collateral. Instead, investors rely on the creditworthiness and reputation of the issuer. They often have a fixed rate of interest and are used by companies to raise long-term funds.

Term loans are bank loans that are repaid over a fixed term with a specified repayment schedule and interest rate. They are commonly used for funding capital expenditures, like purchasing equipment or a new building for a company.

Revolving credit is a flexible financing arrangement which provides a borrower with a maximum loan balance that can be maintained indefinitely as long as they keep below the maximum limit and meet other requirements such as minimum monthly payments.

Commercial paper is an unsecured, short-term debt instrument issued by a company, typically for the financing of accounts receivable, inventories, and meeting short-term liabilities. Maturities on commercial paper rarely range any longer than 270 days.

A syndicated loan is one that is provided by a group of lenders and is structured, arranged, and administered by one or several commercial banks or investment banks known as arrangers. It's commonly used by companies for large projects or mergers and acquisitions.

A credit rating is an assessment of the creditworthiness of a borrower in general terms or with respect to a particular debt or financial obligation. It is assigned by a credit rating agency and can affect the interest rate and terms of the debt.

Senior debt is borrowed money that must be repaid first before any other debt claims are met. It typically has the lowest interest rates given its higher priority in case of default and is often secured by collateral.

Subordinated debt, also known as junior debt, is ranked below senior debt in the company's capital structure. Repayment of this debt occurs only after senior debt claims are satisfied, and therefore, it carries higher risk and interest rates.

Mezzanine financing is a hybrid form of capital that is typically used to finance the expansion of established companies. It is subordinate to pure debt but senior to pure equity, and often involves the right to convert to an ownership or equity interest in case of default.

Credit facilities are financial products that provide companies with the ability to borrow money over extended periods of time. It includes products like revolving credit lines, letters of credit, and term loans.

A bridge loan is a short-term financing option used until a person or company secures permanent financing or removes an existing obligation. It provides immediate cash flow and is typically backed by some form of collateral.

Asset-backed securities (ABS) are financial securities backed by a loan, lease, or receivables against assets other than real estate and mortgage-backed securities. They allow issuers to generate more cash, which, in turn, is used for more lending.

A covenant in financial terms is an agreement or promise in an indenture or other formal debt agreement that certain activities will or will not be carried out. Covenants are used to protect the interests of both the borrower and the lender.

Project financing is the long-term financing of infrastructure and industrial projects based upon the projected cash flows of the project rather than the balance sheets of the project sponsors. This form of financing is often used to fund large-scale operations.

In the context of debt financing, the discount rate is the interest rate used in discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis to determine the present value of future cash flows.

Default risk is the risk associated with the possibility that a borrower will be unable to make the required payments on their debt obligations. It is a critical factor in determining the interest rate on the debt.

Fixed rate debt is a loan or debt that has a set interest rate over its entire term. It offers predictability in payments and is protected from interest rate fluctuations.

Variable rate debt is a loan or security whose interest rate fluctuates with a baseline rate or index over the term of the debt. Its payments can vary over time.

A leveraged buyout is an acquisition of a company using a significant amount of borrowed money (bonds or loans) to meet the cost of acquisition. Often, the assets of the company being acquired are used as collateral for the loans.

Junk bonds are high-yield or non-investment grade bonds with a credit rating of BB or lower. They offer higher interest rates to compensate for their higher default risk.

A secured loan is a loan in which the borrower pledges some asset (e.g., a car or property) as collateral for the loan, which then becomes a secured debt owed to the creditor who gives the loan.

An unsecured loan is a loan that is not protected by any collateral. Instead, the creditworthiness of the borrower is the primary way in which a lender determines whether to approve the loan.