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Financial Statement Analysis
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Revenue
Revenue signifies a company's sales and service income. It can indicate market demand, business size, and growth potential.
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)
COGS represents the direct costs attributable to production of goods sold. It can indicate the cost efficiency and gross margin.
Gross Profit
Gross profit is revenue minus COGS. It indicates the efficiency in production and pricing power.
Operating Expenses
Operating Expenses are costs associated with running the day-to-day operations. They can indicate the overhead and the efficiency of a company's operations.
Operating Income
Operating income is gross profit minus operating expenses. It shows a company's profit from core operations before interest and taxes.
Net Income
Net income is the final profit after all expenses, including taxes and interest, have been deducted. It reflects a company's total profitability.
Earnings Per Share (EPS)
EPS is net income divided by the number of outstanding shares. It measures the profit available to equity shareholders per share and signifies profitability.
Current Assets
Current assets are assets that a company expects to convert to cash within one year. They indicate liquidity and short-term financial health.
Fixed Assets
Fixed assets are long-term tangible assets used in operations. Their level and condition can indicate investment in capacity and depreciation policy.
Total Liabilities
Total liabilities are obligations the company owes to outsiders. They provide insight into the company's debt levels and financial obligations.
Current Liabilities
Current liabilities are obligations due within one year. They signal a company's short-term financial obligations and working capital adequacy.
Long-term Liabilities
Long-term liabilities are obligations that are due after a year or more. They reflect long-term financing strategies and solvency.
Equity
Equity is the residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting liabilities. It indicates the owners' stake and financial health of the company.
Retained Earnings
Retained earnings are the cumulative earnings kept in the company rather than paid out as dividends. They indicate reinvestment back into the business and past profitability.
Inventory
Inventory represents goods available for sale or in production. It can indicate production efficiency, sales trends, and inventory management.
Profit Margin
Profit margin is the percentage of revenue that turns into profit. It indicates efficiency in controlling costs and pricing strategy effectiveness.
Debt to Equity Ratio
The debt to equity ratio measures a company's financial leverage by comparing total liabilities to shareholders' equity. High ratios can indicate higher financial risk.
Accounts Payable
Accounts payable are obligations to pay for goods or services that have been acquired on credit from suppliers. It reveals the company's payment policies and short-term liquidity.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable are claims against customers for money owed for goods and services delivered. It indicates sales on credit and the efficiency of collections.
Cash Flow from Operations
Cash flow from operations is the cash generated from normal business activities. It indicates the company's ability to generate sufficient cash to maintain and grow operations.
Capital Expenditures (CapEx)
CapEx is the money spent to acquire or upgrade physical assets. It indicates investment in maintaining or expanding operational capacity.
Free Cash Flow (FCF)
Free cash flow is the cash available to the company after it has funded the replacement or expansion of its asset base. It is an indicator of financial flexibility and liquidity.
Interest Expense
Interest expense arises from a company's debt obligations. It can indicate the cost of borrowing and financial leverage.
Tax Expense
Tax expense is the total amount of taxes a company pays on its pre-tax income. It reflects the company's tax strategy and its effect on profitability.
Dividends
Dividends are distributions of earnings to shareholders. They signify return on investment for shareholders and can indicate stability or a mature company.
Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT)
EBIT is a profitability measure that excludes the effect of interest and tax expenses. It reflects a company's operational profitability.
Return on Equity (ROE)
ROE measures the profitability generated by the shareholders' investment in the company. It indicates efficiency in using equity to generate profits.
Return on Assets (ROA)
ROA measures how efficiently a company can manage its assets to produce profits. It reflects asset utilization and management's effectiveness.
Quick Ratio
Quick ratio measures a company's ability to meet short-term obligations with its most liquid assets. It is a strong indicator of financial stability.
Current Ratio
The current ratio measures a company's ability to pay short-term obligations with current assets. It indicates liquidity and operational efficiency.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
Cash and equivalents are the most liquid assets on a company's balance sheet. They are critical for short-term financial flexibility and operations.
Depreciation & Amortization
Depreciation and Amortization represent the allocation of the cost of tangible and intangible assets over time. It can indicate asset usage and the impact on earnings.
Research & Development (R&D) Expenses
R&D expenses are costs associated with the development of new products or services. They can indicate a company's innovation efforts and future growth potential.
Selling, General & Administrative Expenses (SG&A)
SG&A includes all non-production expenses incurred by a company in its day-to-day operations. It signifies operational efficiency and cost management.
Goodwill
Goodwill is an intangible asset that arises when one company acquires another for more than the fair value of its net identifiable assets. It reflects the premium paid for a business.
Book Value
Book value is the net value of a company's assets minus its liabilities, essentially the company’s equity. It signals the value of a company according to its balance sheet.
Interest Coverage Ratio
Interest Coverage Ratio is a measure of a company's ability to meet its interest payments. It indicates the margin of safety before it can no longer pay interest.
Dividend Yield
Dividend yield is the annual dividend payment divided by the stock's price. It measures the earnings from dividends relative to the share price.
Accrued Expenses
Accrued expenses are recognized liabilities for expenses that have been incurred but not yet paid. It can indicate expenses that will soon require cash settlement.
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