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Media Law Milestones

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Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corp. v. Public Service Commission

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1980 - Developed a four-part test for determining when restrictions on commercial speech violated the First Amendment.

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Turner Broadcasting v. FCC

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1994 - Upheld regulations requiring cable operators to carry local broadcast TV channels.

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Bartnicki v. Vopper

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2001 - Found that media outlets could not be punished for broadcasting unlawfully intercepted communications if they were not involved in the interception.

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Near v. Minnesota

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1931 - Recognized the principle that prior restraints on publication are unconstitutional.

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Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC

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1969 - Upheld the FCC's Fairness Doctrine, requiring broadcasters to provide a balance of views on the airwaves.

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Miller v. California

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1973 - Established the Miller test for determining what constitutes obscene material not protected by the First Amendment.

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Brandeis and Warren's 'The Right to Privacy'

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1890 - Early law review article arguing that privacy should be a legal right, laying groundwork for future privacy laws.

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FCC v. Pacifica Foundation

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1978 - Recognized the government's right to regulate broadcast indecency, leading to the creation of 'safe harbor' hours.

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Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission

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2010 - Held that the government could not restrict independent expenditures for political communications by corporations, including non-profit corporations.

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Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition

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2002 - Struck down two provisions of the Child Pornography Prevention Act as overbroad under the First Amendment.

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Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union

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1997 - Found portions of the Communications Decency Act unconstitutional on First Amendment grounds.

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New York Times Co. v. Sullivan

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1964 - Established the 'actual malice' standard for press reports about public officials.

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Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo

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1974 - Held that a state could not force a newspaper to print replies from candidates it had criticized.

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Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier

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1988 - Determined that public school administrators could censor school-sponsored student publications.

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Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.

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1977 - Held that the First Amendment did not shield a broadcaster from liability for airing the entire act of a performer without consent.

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