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A Filter Bubble is a state of intellectual isolation that can occur from personalized searches when a website algorithm selectively guesses what information a user would like to see based on past search history. This can be harmful to democracies as it limits exposure to diverse perspectives and healthy discourse.

An Echo Chamber is a metaphorical description of a situation in which beliefs are amplified or reinforced by communication and repetition inside a closed system. In democracies, this can be problematic as it may limit exposure to differing viewpoints and undermine the open debate crucial to democratic processes.

Fake News consists of deliberate misinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional news media or online social media. Democracies need informed citizens to make rational decisions, and fake news undermines this by eroding public trust and muddying the waters of public discourse.

Freedom of the Press is the principle that communication and expression through various media, including printed and electronic media, should be considered a right to be exercised freely. In democratic societies, it provides a platform for public discourse, which is essential for informed decision-making and holding power to account.

Gatekeeping is the process through which information is filtered for dissemination, be it publication, broadcasting, the Internet, or some other type of communication. Democratic societies rely on gatekeeping to ensure the reliability of information disseminated to the public, although it can also lead to bias and censorship.

The Fourth Estate refers to the press and news media, both in explicit capacity of advocacy and implicit ability to frame political issues. It plays a crucial role in democratic societies by monitoring the political process, ensuring that citizens make informed decisions, and checking governmental power.

The Public Sphere is an area in social life where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action. Democracy benefits from a vibrant public sphere by legitimizing public opinion as a force in politics and governance.

The Digital Divide refers to the gap between demographics and regions that have access to modern information and communications technology, and those that don't or have restricted access. This divide can limit democratic engagement and informed citizenry in the political process, impacting social equity.

Agenda Setting is a theory explaining the media's ability to influence the importance placed on the topics of the public agenda. In democratic societies, the media's focus on specific issues helps shape the public's perceptions and priorities, hence affecting political discourse and policy-making.

Media Literacy is the ability to access, critically analyze, and evaluate information and media content. It empowers citizens in democratic societies to understand the nature of media influence and to participate fully in their country's political, economic, and cultural life.

Net Neutrality is the principle that ISPs should enable access to all content and applications regardless of the source, without favoring or blocking particular products or websites. It is vital for democratic societies as it promotes equal access to information, which is a cornerstone of free expression and informed public participation.