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This phase translates parse tree into an intermediate code that is abstract and independent of machine specifics.

This phase checks the parse tree for semantic consistency with the language definitions.

This phase converts the optimized intermediate code into target machine code, specific to the hardware architecture.

This optional phase handles tasks before lexical analysis like file inclusion, macro processing, and conditional compilation.

This phase involves scanning the code to identify tokens.

This phase parses tokens into grammatical structures, typically represented as a parse tree.

Throughout various phases, compiler maintains a symbol table which stores information about scope and binding of names.

This phase attempts to improve the intermediate code so it runs faster and/or takes up less space.

This phase involves reporting syntax, semantic, or other compilation errors back to the developer.