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An entity is an object or thing of importance to a domain that needs to be represented in a database. It often corresponds to a table in a relational database system.

Attributes are pieces of information that describe various characteristics of an entity. In a database, these are often the columns of a table.

A primary key is a unique identifier for a database record within a table and is used to ensure data integrity. It must contain unique values, and it cannot contain null values.

A foreign key is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that uniquely identifies a row of another table. It is used to establish and enforce a link between the data in two tables.

Normalization is a process in database design that organizes tables to minimize redundancy and dependency. It involves dividing large tables into smaller, more manageable ones while preserving data integrity.

ACID stands for Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability. These are a set of properties that guarantee that database transactions are processed reliably.

Cardinality refers to the uniqueness of data values contained in a column. High cardinality means that the column contains a large proportion of totally unique values.

A stored procedure is a set of precompiled SQL commands that can be executed on a database. It helps promote code reuse and encapsulation of database operations.

In the context of databases, a relationship is a connection between two or more database entities. Relationships are used to model how data from one entity relates to another.

A relational database is a type of database that stores and provides access to data points that are related to one another. Data is organized into tables which can be linked by foreign keys.

An index is a data structure that improves the speed of data retrieval operations on a database table at the cost of additional writes and storage space to maintain it.

A data type, in the context of databases, is an attribute that specifies the type of data that a column can hold, such as integer, text, date, etc.

An ERD is a visual representation of the entities within a domain, their attributes, and relationships. It is used in data modeling to conceptualize the database structure.

A view is a virtual table in databases that is based on the result-set of an SQL statement. Unlike regular tables, a view does not form part of the physical schema.

Referential integrity is a concept in which a foreign key in one table corresponds to a primary key in another. It ensures that the relationship between tables remains consistent.

A schema is an outline of a database's logical structure, including the definitions of tables, fields, relationships, views, indexes, and stored procedures.

Non-relational databases, also known as NoSQL databases, store data in a format other than relational tables. They can handle a variety of data models including document, key-value, wide-column, and graph formats.

Denormalization is the process of intentionally introducing redundancy into a database design to improve performance in certain query scenarios, at the expense of data anomalies.

Data redundancy occurs when the same piece of data is stored in multiple places. It is often eliminated through normalization to save space and ensure data consistency.