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LEAD() provides access to a row at a given physical offset that follows the current row, while LAG() provides access to a row at a given physical offset that precedes the current row. They are useful for comparing rows within the same result set.

The window frame is a set of rows related to the current row, defined by the OVER() clause with ROWS or RANGE specification. It's a subset of rows within the partition, based on the current row, which defines the start and end of the frame.

The OVER() clause specifies the partitioning and ordering of a window and is used to determine the set of rows used for each calculation by the window function. This is where the 'window' of the window function is defined.

This function assigns a unique sequential integer to rows within a partition of a result set, starting at 1 for the first row in each partition.

Window functions can be used to calculate running totals by using an aggregate function (like SUM) with the OVER() clause to include all preceding rows in the current partition in the calculation.

Used within the OVER() clause, the PARTITION BY clause divides the result set into partitions the window function is applied to. Rows within a partition have the same values for the partition columns.

A window function performs a calculation across a set of table rows that are somehow related to the current row. Unlike regular aggregate functions, window functions do not collapse the rows into a single output row; they return a value for each row, based on the calculation over a window.