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Zab is designed for high-throughput data replication in distributed systems. Key characteristics include: used by Apache ZooKeeper, provides both linearizable writes and FIFO delivery, and designed to recover from leader failure.

A blocking atomic commitment protocol. Key characteristics include: a single coordinator (transaction manager), a prepare phase followed by a commit/abort phase, and it's a blocking protocol that can be a single point of failure.

PBFT aims to withstand Byzantine faults in distributed systems. Key characteristics include: 3-phase protocol (pre-prepare, prepare, commit) with strong consistency, capability to function correctly even if some nodes are malicious, and designed for low-overhead fault tolerance in asynchronous systems.

Proof of Work (PoW) is used in cryptocurrency networks like Bitcoin to achieve consensus. Key characteristics include: requirement of solving a cryptographic puzzle, energy-intensive computation, and providing security against double-spending.

An optimization of the basic Paxos protocol that reduces the number of phases for consecutive operations. Key characteristics include: a distinguished proposer (leader) role for multiple slots, decreased message complexity for subsequent proposals, and potential bottlenecks if the leader fails.

An improvement over Two-Phase Commit, intended to handle the single point of failure. Key characteristics include: a non-blocking protocol, an additional phase called 'pre-commit' to ensure fault tolerance, and it's still less resilient to network partitions.

Paxos is designed to achieve consensus in a network of unreliable processors. Key characteristics include: use of a cohort of proposers, acceptors, and learners; complex due to multiple phases (prepare/propose, promise/accept); designed by Leslie Lamport.

A protocol similar to Paxos that focuses on the replication of a state machine. Key characteristics include: a primary-backup approach, view changes in case of primary failure, and a sequence of normal operation, view change, and recovery phases.

Proof of Stake is a consensus mechanism used in blockchain systems that is an alternative to Proof of Work. Key characteristics include: validators are chosen based on the number of coins they hold, energy efficiency compared to PoW, and intended to offer the same level of security with less computational work.