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A quorum-based system in distributed computing ensures that an operation is committed only if a majority (or a predefined number) of nodes agree on it. This enhances data consistency but may impact availability in the presence of network partitions.

The two-phase commit is a type of consensus protocol used in distributed systems to ensure that all participating nodes either commit to a transaction or roll it back, thus maintaining atomicity. It can be affected by network partitions as it requires all nodes to communicate reliably.

Consistent Hashing is a technique used to distribute data across multiple servers. It helps in minimizing re-distribution of data when a server is added or removed, thus improving manageability and scalability in distributed systems.

A network partition refers to the separation of a computer network into disjoint subnetworks due to network failures. This impacts distributed systems by potentially causing data inconsistency as different parts of the system operate independently without knowledge of each other.

In networking, a bridge connects two or more network segments, increasing the network's reach. By bridging, distributed systems can communicate across isolated networks, improving fault tolerance and resource accessibility.

CAP Theorem states that in any distributed system, you can only simultaneously achieve two out of the following three guarantees: Consistency, Availability, and Partition Tolerance. The theorem shows the trade-offs and limitations when designing distributed systems.