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In the Ring Algorithm, each process passes a token to the next in a logical ring. If a process receives an election token and has a higher PID than any it has seen, it keeps passing the token. Once the token reaches the highest PID process again, it declares itself the leader.

The Paxos Algorithm provides a way for a collection of unreliable processors to agree on a single value (leader). It is characterized by having multiple rounds of the proposal, where acceptors can agree or reject proposed values (leaders) based on a majority consensus.

The Bully Algorithm is a method used to elect a leader among distributed processes. It ensures that the process with the highest PID takes the leadership if the current leader fails. It works by allowing processes to 'bully' lower PID processes into relinquishing leadership claims.

A Randomized Algorithm uses randomization to elect a leader, which helps to ensure fairness and limit the impact of worst-case scenarios. Processes may make random choices or wait random amounts of time before actions, reducing the likelihood of collisions or synchronized failures.

The Viewstamped Replication Protocol ensures consistency in a distributed system by using a series of views, each with an assigned leader. Leaders handle client requests and coordinate log replication. Upon failure, a new view (and leader) is established through an election process.

The Zab protocol is used by Apache ZooKeeper to maintain a consistent ordering of updates. Its leader election phase ensures that a new leader is chosen when necessary, and subsequent phases are used to synchronize state and deliver messages in the correct order.