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Controlling a robot from a distance. This is often used for tasks that are dangerous or inaccessible for humans. Examples: Bomb-disposal robots, Mars rovers like Curiosity.

The attribution of human traits, emotions, or intentions to non-human entities, such as robots. Examples: ASIMO, social robots like Kismet or Pepper.

A field of robotics where robots are designed to interact with humans in a social or emotive way. Examples: Jibo, PARO, NAO.

The perception of environmental elements and events concerning time or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their future status. Example: A drone operator maintaining situational awareness through visual and sensor cues from the drone's environment.

A technique where robots learn tasks through observing and imitating human behavior. Example: A robot learning to cook by watching a chef prepare a meal.

The use of linguistic tools and computational techniques allowing robots to understand and interpret human language. Examples: Voice-operated assistants like Siri interacting with smart home robots.

The belief in the reliability, competence, and intention of a robot. Impacting factors: Performance, Transparency, Consistency. Example: Trust in a robotic surgical assistant.

Using human biometrics, such as heart rate or galvanic skin response, to assess and improve HRI. Example: Evaluating stress levels during human-robot collaboration tasks.

A hypothesis that suggests there is a dip in the human comfort level as a robot's appearance becomes almost, but not quite, human-like. Example: Creepy humanoid robots that are almost indistinguishable from humans.

The collaborative and coordinated interaction between humans and robots to achieve shared goals. Example: A human-robot team working together in a search and rescue mission.

A subfield of ethics that is concerned with how robots should act, and how these actions impact humans and society. Examples: Asimov's 'Three Laws of Robotics', ethical dilemmas in autonomous vehicles.

The issues related to the collection, handling, and security of personal information by robots, especially those used in home and healthcare settings. Example: Addressing data security in robots that monitor health vitals.

The use of touch-based communication between humans and robots. Example: A surgeon feeling resistance from robotic instruments during a telesurgery procedure.

The opportunities for action that an environment or object provides to a user, including robots. Example: A door handle 'affords' pulling, and this should be recognizable by a service robot.

The robot's capability to understand human intentions, desires, and beliefs to facilitate better interaction. Example: A personal assistant robot that can anticipate the needs of its owner.

Robots that can detect, interpret, and respond to human emotions. Examples: Pepper, which can analyze voice tones and facial expressions, robots used in therapy.

The ability of a robot to sense and respond to the parameters of its environment including the situational and social context. Example: A domestic robot that adjusts its behavior depending on whether it is in the kitchen or the bedroom.

Robots designed to provide aid to individuals, especially those with disabilities, to facilitate daily living. Examples: Wheelchair-mounted robotic arms, robotic exoskeletons for rehabilitation.

Methods through which humans and robots exchange information. Examples include speech, gestures, and on-screen text or icons.

A design philosophy that places the user at the forefront of the design process to ensure that the resulting robot meets their needs and preferences. Example: A cleaning robot designed with input from office workers who will interact with it.

Using technology to track where a human is looking to improve robot-human communication and interaction. Example: A robotic tutor that adapts its behavior based on the student's gaze indicating attention or confusion.

Robots intended to physically interact with humans in a shared workspace. Examples: Baxter and Sawyer, UR5 and UR10.

Robots that can alter their behavior and actions based on changing environmental conditions or user needs. Example: Robotic prostheses that adjust their grip based on the object being held.

A principle that the physical form a robot takes can affect the way humans interact with it. Example: A robotic pet resembling a dog or cat that encourages interaction and emotional attachment.