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A situation where a set of processes are blocked because each process is holding a resource and waiting for another.

A synchronization primitive that is used to control access to a common resource in a concurrent environment.

A programmed request to the operating system that a user program can use to interact with the hardware indirectly.

A signal from hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention from the operating system.

The process of storing and restoring the state (context) of a CPU so that execution can be resumed from the same point at a later time.

The system that an operating system uses to name files, organize them into a directory hierarchy, manage disk storage space, and provide security mechanisms.

The process of reserving a blocks of memory on demand during a program's execution.

A restricted processing mode in which most applications run, which doesn't allow direct access to hardware or reference memory.

The method by which an OS decides which process in the ready queue gets to use the CPU next.

A privileged mode of operation for the kernel allowing unrestricted access to hardware resources.

A program in execution, an instance of a running program. It has resources like memory, files, and CPU state.

A memory management scheme that eliminates the need for contiguous allocation of physical memory.

A minimalist kernel design that runs most of the system's background processes within user space as servers, aiming for a smaller kernel codebase.

The organization of different storage types into a hierarchy based on access speed and size.

A set of methods for ensuring that at least one of the necessary conditions for deadlock (mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, circular wait) does not hold.

A kernel architecture where all services run along with the main kernel thread in a single memory space.

An abstraction that provides an 'as if' larger memory space than is physically available on the system.

A memory management scheme where entire processes are moved from main memory to secondary storage (disk) and back into main memory for execution.

The ability of an operating system to execute more than one task simultaneously on a multi-core processor or pseudo-simultaneously via time-sharing on a single-core processor.