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A program in execution, an instance of a running program. It has resources like memory, files, and CPU state.

The smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently by a scheduler.

An abstraction that provides an 'as if' larger memory space than is physically available on the system.

A situation where a set of processes are blocked because each process is holding a resource and waiting for another.

The method by which an OS decides which process in the ready queue gets to use the CPU next.

A synchronization primitive that is used to control access to a common resource in a concurrent environment.

The process of storing and restoring the state (context) of a CPU so that execution can be resumed from the same point at a later time.

The organization of different storage types into a hierarchy based on access speed and size.

The system that an operating system uses to name files, organize them into a directory hierarchy, manage disk storage space, and provide security mechanisms.

The ability of an operating system to execute more than one task simultaneously on a multi-core processor or pseudo-simultaneously via time-sharing on a single-core processor.

A signal from hardware or software indicating an event that needs immediate attention from the operating system.

A memory management scheme that eliminates the need for contiguous allocation of physical memory.

A kernel architecture where all services run along with the main kernel thread in a single memory space.

A minimalist kernel design that runs most of the system's background processes within user space as servers, aiming for a smaller kernel codebase.

The process of reserving a blocks of memory on demand during a program's execution.

A programmed request to the operating system that a user program can use to interact with the hardware indirectly.

A privileged mode of operation for the kernel allowing unrestricted access to hardware resources.

A restricted processing mode in which most applications run, which doesn't allow direct access to hardware or reference memory.

A set of methods for ensuring that at least one of the necessary conditions for deadlock (mutual exclusion, hold and wait, no preemption, circular wait) does not hold.