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Tea and Coffee: A Cultural History
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Iced Coffee
Iced Coffee is a cold version of the hot beverage coffee, typically brewed from regular coffee or espresso and then cooled down. The original version likely emerged in 1840s Algeria, known as 'Mazagran,' after being introduced by French colonial troops. From there, it spread to France and on to the rest of Europe. Iced coffee has become a feature of many cafe and restaurant menus worldwide, especially popular in the summer.
Arabica Coffee
Coffea arabica is a species of Coffea originally indigenous to the forests of the southwestern highlands of Ethiopia. It accounts for 60% of the world's coffee production. Arabica coffee beans are considered superior in quality to the other major commercially grown coffee species, Coffea canephora (robusta). First domesticated in Yemen, it was traded through the port of Mocha and spread globally through colonization.
Irish Coffee
Irish Coffee is a cocktail consisting of hot coffee, Irish whiskey, and sugar, stirred and topped with cream. The beverage was created in the 1940s by chef Joe Sheridan at an airport in Limerick, Ireland to warm passengers. It has since become a classic Irish export, typically consumed in the colder months and is enjoyed worldwide. The cultural significance lies in its representation of Irish hospitality and innovation in combining local ingredients.
Green Tea
Green tea is made from Camellia sinensis leaves and buds that have not undergone the same withering and oxidation process used to make oolong teas and black teas. Green tea originated in China, but its production and manufacture have spread to other East Asian countries. It has a strong cultural link to East Asia's countries where it's associated with numerous traditions, such as the Japanese tea ceremony. It's also noted for its health benefits.
Ristretto
A Ristretto is a short shot of espresso coffee made with the normal amount of ground coffee but extracted with about half the amount of water. It originated in Italy, and its name means 'restricted' in Italian. The ristretto shot is a staple of Italian coffee culture and is enjoyed by those preferring a richer, less diluted espresso. It has also made its way into the espresso offerings at specialty cafes worldwide.
Darjeeling Tea
Darjeeling tea comes from the Darjeeling district in West Bengal, India. Known for its floral aroma and a tinge of astringent tannic characteristics, it's often called the 'Champagne of Teas.' Darjeeling tea leaves are processed as black, green, white, or oolong tea. British established tea gardens in the mid-19th century. Darjeeling tea has been a part of the slow food movement, enhancing its cultural value.
White Tea
White tea is minimally processed and is known for its delicate flavors and subtle sweetness. The traditional Chinese tea is made from the young leaves and buds of the Camellia sinensis plant. Originating in China’s Fujian province, the earliest record dates back to the Tang dynasty. White tea was prized among the royals and often given as a tribute to the emperor. It has gained international popularity for its health benefits and refined flavor.
Filter Coffee
Filter coffee, also known as drip or brewed coffee, involves pouring water over roasted, ground coffee beans contained within a filter. The method originated from Germany and became popular in the United States in the early 20th century. Its preparation and ceremonial consumption is central to the 'Kaapi' culture in Southern India, where special coffee blends and chicory are used. Filter coffee also represents an eco-friendly alternative to pod coffee.
Matcha
Matcha is a finely ground powder of specially grown and processed green tea leaves, traditionally consumed in East Asia. The tradition of Matcha in Japan dates back to the 12th century during the Kamakura period when Zen monk Eisai brought it back from China. It plays a central role in Japanese tea ceremonies, reflecting themes of purity, harmony, and respect. Matcha's cultural significance extends to its use in various Japanese arts and cuisine.
Peaberry Coffee
Peaberry coffee is a type of coffee bean. Normally, coffee berries contain two seeds ('beans') that develop with flattened facing sides. Peaberry occurs when only one of the two seeds is fertilized, yielding a single, round bean. Peaberry beans are harvested from crops around the world, but notably in Tanzania. They are often considered superior due to their richer flavor. Their cultural significance is tied to connoisseurship in specialty coffee circles.
Yerba Mate
Yerba Mate is a traditional South American drink made from the Ilex paraguariensis plant. It is culturally significant in countries like Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Brazil. The indigenous Guarani people are credited with the discovery and initial cultivation. Yerba Mate is consumed from a gourd with a metal straw called a 'bombilla' and is a symbol of hospitality and social gathering in its culture.
Cold Brew Coffee
Cold brew coffee refers to the process of steeping coffee grounds in cold or room temperature water for an extended period. It is believed to have roots in the Japanese practice of Kyoto-style coffee, which dates back to the 1600s. Due to its smoother and less acidic taste, cold brew coffee has gained popularity in the 21st century, especially in the United States. It represents a shift towards innovative, craft-focused coffee consumption.
Cortado
A Cortado is an espresso mixed with a roughly equal amount of warm milk to reduce the acidity and strength. The name Cortado is the past participle of the Spanish verb cortar (to cut), in the sense of dilute. Its exact origin within Spain or Portugal is unclear, but it's widely consumed in Spain and Spanish-speaking countries and has gained popularity in specialty coffee shops globally as a less-milky alternative to lattes and cappuccinos.
Robusta Coffee
Robusta coffee comes from the Coffea canephora plant, which is known for its higher caffeine content and bitterness compared to Arabica. Originating from sub-Saharan Africa, it's mainly grown in Africa and Asia as it's more resistant to disease and harsh climates. The rise of espresso culture increased its popularity, as it contributes to the crema and provides a strong flavor. It's significant to the economies in developing countries.
Flat White
A Flat White is an espresso-based coffee drink accompanied by steamed milk. It is believed to have originated in Australia or New Zealand in the 1980s. The drink's innovation is in the ratio of milk and espresso, which is typically lower in volume but stronger in coffee flavor, compared to a latte. It has become a symbol of the coffee culture in both countries and has been exported to the UK and beyond.
Turkish Coffee
Turkish coffee is a method of coffee preparation that involves boiling very finely ground coffee beans with water and usually sugar before being served in a cup where the grounds settle. Interpretating coffee grounds has turned into a cultural practice in some regions. Introduced to the Ottoman Empire in the 15th century, it has a strong significance in Turkish hospitality and ceremony. UNESCO recognized Turkish coffee culture as intangible heritage.
Pu-erh Tea
Pu-erh is a variety of fermented tea traditionally produced in Yunnan Province, China. The fermentation can last from few months to several years. Pu-erh tea is highly valued for its earthy flavor profile and has been historically used for medicinal purposes in China. It was a tributary gift to emperors and, over the centuries, has become an integral part of Yunnan cultural heritage and an investment commodity.
French Press Coffee
French Press is a coffee brewing device and method known for its simplicity and rich taste. The device was patented by an Italian designer in 1929, but the brewing method gained popularity as 'French Press' in the United Kingdom. It allows for steeping of coffee, which retains essential oils and thickens the beverage. It holds cultural significance as part of the slow coffee movement, reflecting a more contemplative and artisanal coffee experience.
Masala Chai
Masala Chai is a spiced tea beverage brewed with different proportions of warming spices. It originated in the Indian subcontinent; it gained recognition in the British colonial era of the 1800s when large-scale tea plantations were established. Nowadays, Masala Chai holds an integral place in Indian culture, served from tea stalls by chai wallahs and enjoyed across the region. Chai has become emblematic of Indian warmth and hospitality.
Assam Tea
Assam tea is a black tea named after the region of its production, Assam, in India. It is known for its body, briskness, malty flavor, and strong, bright color. Assam teas, or blends containing Assam, are often sold as 'breakfast' teas. British colonists introduced tea farming in Assam with seeds from China in the 1830s. It holds a significant role in rural employment and revenue generation in India.
Espresso
Espresso is not a bean or roast level but a concentrated form of coffee made by forcing a small amount of nearly boiling water through finely-ground coffee beans. Espresso originated in Italy at the beginning of the 20th century with the invention of the espresso machine. Espresso is important in Italian culture and forms the basis for many coffee drinks such as latte, cappuccino, macchiato, and Americano. It symbolizes the Italian way of life and social culture.
Chai
Chai, which means tea in Hindi, refers to a combination of spices when used in the context of the beverage Massala Chai. This beverage that originates from India is made by brewing black tea with a mixture of aromatic spices and herbs. Originating over 5,000 years ago, chai grew in popularity across South Asia and is central to many social interactions, often consumed daily by millions in the region. It reflects the cultural diversity of India since recipe variations abound.
Cappuccino
Cappuccino is an espresso-based coffee drink that originated in Italy and is traditionally prepared with steamed milk foam. Its name is derived from the Capuchin friars, referencing the color of their habits. The beverage reflects the Italian passion for coffee and has become a staple of Italian morning routine. The art of preparing cappuccinos has become a global phenomenon with the rise of coffeehouse culture.
Vietnamese Coffee
Vietnamese coffee is made with strong dark roast coffee, often robusta, and a small metal drip filter. It is noted for its thick aromatic brew and often sweetened with condensed milk. The French introduced coffee to Vietnam in the 19th century, but due to the local taste preferences and available ingredients, it has evolved uniquely. Vietnamese coffee culture is a strong part of daily life and symbolizes Vietnam's adaptability and innovation in its culinary tradition.
Earl Grey Tea
Earl Grey tea is a tea blend which has been flavored with the addition of oil of bergamot. Traditionally, it's made from black teas such as Assam or Ceylon and is considered a quintessentially British tea. The tea was named after the 2nd Earl Grey, British Prime Minister in the 1830s. Stories suggest the Earl received it as a gift or gratitude. It is symbolic in British tea culture and has inspired many tea-based recipes.
Jasmine Tea
Jasmine tea is a type of tea, scented with the aroma of jasmine blossoms. Typically, jasmine tea has green tea as the tea base; however, white tea and black tea are also used. Its origin traces back to the Song Dynasty in China. The blending of jasmine to scent tea leaves was a distinct practice of imperial courts, and it became popular worldwide for its aromatic fragrance. The tea is often served to welcome guests in China.
Oolong Tea
Oolong tea is a traditional Chinese tea produced through a unique process including withering the plant under strong sun and oxidation before curling and twisting. Oolong teas vary greatly in flavor, ranging from sweet and fruity to woody and thick. The precise crafting method was developed in the 17th century in China's Fujian province. Oolong tea holds a cherished place in Chinese tea culture, often used in the traditional Gongfu tea ceremony.
Bubble Tea
Bubble Tea, also known as Pearl Milk Tea, originates from Taiwan in the 1980s. The traditional version combines milk tea with tapioca balls, which provide a chewy contrast to the sweetness and silkiness of the drink. It was invented in tea shops in Taichung. The drink has since spread globally, with many variations being created. Bubble Tea is indicative of modern Taiwanese culture and its global influence.
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