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Fossil Fuels and Alternatives
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Biomass
Usage: Heat, electricity, biofuels. Environmental impact: Can be carbon-neutral, deforestation risk. Transition strategies: Sustainable forestry practices, waste-to-energy projects, balanced use with food production.
Nuclear Energy
Usage: Electricity generation. Environmental impact: Low CO2 emissions, radioactive waste management. Transition strategies: Advanced reactor designs, recycling of nuclear fuel, long-term waste storage solutions.
Hydropower
Usage: Electricity generation. Environmental impact: Low emissions, can impact aquatic ecosystems. Transition strategies: Environmental flow management, improving turbine efficiency, small-scale distributed systems.
Oil
Usage: Transportation, heating, plastics manufacturing. Environmental impact: CO2 emissions, oil spills can damage ecosystems. Transition strategies: Electric vehicles (EVs), biofuels, increased public transport.
Landfill Gas
Usage: Electricity generation, direct Use as a fuel. Environmental impact: Reduces methane emissions from waste sites, energy recovery. Transition strategies: Landfill methane capture technology, waste reduction, waste-to-energy initiatives.
Ethanol
Usage: Vehicle fuel, usually blended with gasoline. Environmental impact: Lower emissions than gasoline, land use for corn or other feedstocks. Transition strategies: Cellulosic ethanol, agroforestry, increasing fuel efficiency standards.
Wave Energy
Usage: Electricity generation. Environmental impact: Low emissions, can alter coastal ecosystems. Transition strategies: Device efficiency improvements, wave farm designs that minimize ecological impact, stakeholder engagement.
Geothermal Energy
Usage: Electricity generation, heating. Environmental impact: Low emissions, can cause earth movements. Transition strategies: Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), co-production with oil/gas wells, low-temperature applications.
Solar Power
Usage: Electricity generation, heating. Environmental impact: Low CO2 emissions, land use considerations for large installations. Transition strategies: Increasing panel efficiency, promoting distributed solar, energy storage technologies.
Coal
Usage: Electricity generation and industrial fuel. Environmental impact: High CO2 and other pollutants emissions. Transition strategies: Shift to renewables, improve energy efficiency, carbon capture and storage (CCS).
Bioenergy
Usage: Electricity, heat, biofuels for transportation. Environmental impact: Potentially carbon-neutral, land use for crops can be an issue. Transition strategies: Sustainable biomass sources, efficient conversion technologies, integration with other renewables.
Biodiesel
Usage: Transportation fuel, can be used in diesel engines. Environmental impact: Potential to reduce lifecycle CO2 emissions, land use for oil crops. Transition strategies: Algae-based biodiesel, use of waste oil, sustainable crop management.
Natural Gas
Usage: Heating, electricity generation, industrial processes. Environmental impact: Lower CO2 emissions than coal/oil, methane leaks. Transition strategies: Renewable biogas, energy efficiency, electrification of heating systems.
Tidal Energy
Usage: Electricity generation. Environmental impact: Low emissions, potential impact on marine ecosystems. Transition strategies: Improving turbine technology, environmental impact assessments, integration with other marine activities.
Wind Energy
Usage: Electricity generation. Environmental impact: Low emissions, potential wildlife disruption. Transition strategies: Site selection to minimize environmental impact, technological advancements, turbine efficiency improvements.
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)
Usage: Waste-to-energy incineration, landfill energy capture. Environmental impact: Reduces landfill mass, potential air pollution from incineration. Transition strategies: Recycling and composting programs, anaerobic digestion, improved waste-to-energy technologies.
Peat
Usage: Heating, electricity generation in some regions. Environmental impact: High CO2 emissions, ecosystem destruction when harvested. Transition strategies: Rewetting peatlands, alternative fuels, peatland conservation.
Tar Sands
Usage: Bitumen extraction for synthetic crude oil. Environmental impact: High CO2 emissions, water pollution, habitat destruction. Transition strategies: Cleaner extraction technologies, carbon capture, shifting to less carbon-intensive energy sources.
Hydrogen Fuel
Usage: Fuel cell vehicles, energy storage, industrial processes. Environmental impact: Zero emissions at point of use, energy-intensive production. Transition strategies: Green hydrogen production (electrolysis using renewables), infrastructure development, incentives for fuel cell technology.
Diesel
Usage: Transportation, power generation, industrial processes. Environmental impact: NOx and particulate emissions, CO2 output. Transition strategies: Diesel particulate filters, transition to biodiesel or synthetic diesel, promotion of electric commercial vehicles.
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
Usage: Transportation, heating, electricity generation. Environmental impact: Lower CO2 emissions than gasoline or diesel, methane leaks. Transition strategies: Improved CNG storage and refueling infrastructure, renewable biogas, developing advanced combustion engines.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Usage: Heating, cooking, transportation. Environmental impact: Lower CO2 emissions than other fossil fuels, cleaner burning. Transition strategies: Switch to electric or biogas solutions for heating and cooking, incentives for vehicles running on LPG.
Oil Shale
Usage: Potential oil production from kerogen. Environmental impact: High CO2 emissions, landscape disruption, water-intensive processing. Transition strategies: Alternatives to oil like electric vehicles, investment in clean technologies, restrictive environmental regulations.
Nuclear Fusion
Usage: Potential future source of electricity. Environmental impact: No CO2 emissions, minimal radioactive waste compared to fission. Transition strategies: Continued research and development, international cooperation, demonstration reactors such as ITER.
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Usage: International fuel trade, heavy-duty transportation. Environmental impact: Reduced emissions compared to other fossil fuels, risk of leaks and spills. Transition strategies: LNG-powered ships with cleaner emissions, transition to bio-LNG, improved safety and environmental standards.
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