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Non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems; they contribute to the development of cultural identity and recreation. Examples: Aesthetic inspiration, cultural heritage, ecotourism.

Ecosystems play a role in spiritual fulfillment and preserving cultural history; this has indirect economic value by attracting visitors and maintaining traditions. Examples: Sacred groves, historical landscapes.

Breakdown of waste products; it contributes to clean environments and public health, with economic benefits. Examples: Composting, detoxification by fungi and bacteria.

Natural processes that help maintain balance in ecosystems; they can have indirect economic benefits by controlling species that would otherwise become pests. Examples: Wolves regulating deer populations, grazing animals maintaining grassland health.

The movement of chemical elements through living organisms and the environment. Examples: The carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles.

Services necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services; their value is often realized through the maintenance of biodiversity. Examples: Soil formation, nutrient cycling, habitat provision.

Many ecosystem services have direct or indirect impacts on local employment and income generation. Examples: Fisheries supporting coastal communities, tourism in wildlife reserves.

Learning about ecosystems; it fosters greater environmental stewardship and can lead to economic opportunities in eco-tourism and research. Examples: Field trips, wildlife documentaries, nature centers.

The vast range of services provided by marine ecosystems. Examples: Fisheries, carbon storage in ocean sediments, coastal protection by coral reefs.

The process of capturing and storing atmospheric carbon dioxide; it has economic significance through carbon credits and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Examples: Forests, oceans, soil.

Natural systems can influence the abundance and spread of human, animal, or plant diseases. Examples: Healthy wetlands reducing mosquito populations, predators controlling rodents.

Opportunities for tourism and recreational activities; they generate revenue and jobs in local economies. Examples: National parks, hiking trails, water sports.

The movement and exchange of nutrients through ecosystems; it is critical for maintaining soil fertility and thus the productivity of ecosystems. Examples: Nitrogen fixation, decomposition.

Ecosystems influence climate both locally and globally; they can moderate temperatures, reducing energy costs and mitigating climate change. Examples: Forests absorbing CO2, urban parks providing cooling.

Ecosystems help regulate temperature extremes in both urban and rural areas. Examples: Tree canopies reducing urban heat island effect, high-altitude forests stabilizing local climates.

Genes and genetic information from wildlife; it is valuable for medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. Examples: Plant-based pharmaceuticals, crop genetic diversity, livestock breeding.

Products obtained from ecosystems; they contribute directly to the economy via agriculture, forestry, and fisheries. Examples: Food, fresh water, wood, and fiber.

Plants and ecosystems trap pollutants and particulates; they effectively contribute to public health and reduce healthcare costs. Examples: Urban tree canopy, algae and phytoplankton in oceans.

Beautiful landscapes and biodiversity that inspire and attract people; they play an important role in the real estate and tourism industries. Examples: Scenic vistas, diverse coral reefs.

Ecosystems maintain and improve the fertility of soil; it directly affects agriculture and has large economic implications. Examples: Decomposing organic matter, earthworm activity.

Natural barriers that protect coastlines and human settlements from storms. Examples: Barrier islands, coastal wetlands, mangrove forests.

Prevention of soil loss; it preserves soil quality and prevents loss of fertile land, with direct economic impacts on agriculture. Examples: Grass strips, tree windbreaks.

The variety of life in all its forms; biodiversity underpins ecosystem resilience, which indirectly affects economic stability. Examples: Tropical rainforests, Great Barrier Reef.

Protection of land from degradation; it conserves soil and prevents the loss of agricultural productivity. Examples: Vegetative cover, roots binding soil, contour plowing.

Ecosystems' ability to recover from disturbances; they contribute to lower rebuilding costs and sustained resources for economies. Examples: Fire-resistant plant communities, coral reefs withstanding storms.

Ecosystem services provided by insects, such as pollination and waste decomposition. Examples: Bees, dung beetles.

Benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes; they reduce costs that would otherwise be incurred. Examples: Air quality maintenance, climate regulation, water purification.

The mitigation of flood impacts; ecosystems can act as natural barriers, saving costs on engineered solutions. Examples: Mangrove forests, floodplains, wetlands.

Natural compounds and organisms used for drug discovery; they hold significant potential for the pharmaceutical industry. Examples: Marine sponges, rainforest plants, microbial diversity.

Interlinkages between cultural practices and biodiversity often contribute to local economies and conservation. Examples: Indigenous land management techniques, traditional agricultural practices.

The ability of ecosystems to modulate water flow; it provides economic benefits by reducing the cost of flood control and maintaining water quality. Examples: Wetlands, forests.

Natural areas which provide living spaces for species; this maintains biodiversity and has indirect economic benefits via other ecosystem services. Examples: Coral reefs, forests, wetlands.

The process by which plants and other organisms convert light energy into chemical energy; it is foundational to food chains and has immense economic impact on agriculture. Examples: All green plants, algae.

Natural filtration by ecosystems; it provides clean water, reducing treatment costs and contributing to public health. Examples: Wetlands, forested catchments.

A critical ecosystem service for agriculture production; it has a direct impact on the economy by affecting crop yields. Examples: Bees pollinating fruits, vegetables, and nuts.

Natural control of pest species; it offers economic value by decreasing the need for artificial pesticides, thereby reducing costs for farmers. Examples: Bats eating insects, birds preying on rodents.

Ecosystems can reduce the risk and severity of natural hazards; this lowers insurance costs and economic impacts from disasters. Examples: Coastal barriers against tsunamis, tree roots stabilizing slopes.

Local modification of climate conditions; it affects energy demands for cooling and heating, impacting economic costs. Examples: Urban green spaces, shelterbelts in agricultural lands.