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Mineral Economics

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Land Reclamation

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Restoring land after mining; involves economic considerations for bonds and insurance, and policy on post-mining land use.

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Investment Attraction and Stability

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Creating a favorable environment for mining investments; entails balancing fiscal regimes and regulatory stability.

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Green Mining

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Sustainable mining practices; important for reducing environmental impact and meeting societal expectations.

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Mining Sector Regulation

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Governs the operation of mines; important for investor confidence, environmental standards, and labor conditions.

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Mineral Exploration Policy

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Legislation governing the search for minerals; impacts the rate of new discoveries and guides land management.

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Mineral Processing and Refining

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Steps for transforming raw minerals into marketable forms; tied to environmental policy due to emissions and waste management.

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Geopolitics of Minerals

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International relations influencing access to mineral resources; affects trade policy, strategic alliances, and resource nationalism.

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Mineral Reserves vs. Resources

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Reserves are economically viable for extraction; resources have potential for future economic extraction.

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Energy Minerals vs. Metallic Minerals

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Energy minerals (e.g., coal, uranium) provide fuel, whereas metallic minerals (e.g., gold, iron) are used in a variety of industries.

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Subsurface Mining Rights

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Ownership and access rights to minerals underground influences land use and energy policies.

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Mine Life Cycle

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Influences investment decisions and environmental policies due to different stages from exploration to closure.

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Acid Mine Drainage

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Environmental issue requiring policy for prevention and mitigation; has heavy economic costs for water treatment.

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Depletion Time

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Time it takes to exhaust a mineral's reserves; guides policy on sustainable resource management and alternative development.

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Royalties in Mining

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Payments to resource owners (often governments); significant revenue source but impact mining competitiveness.

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Commodity Price Volatility

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Fluctuating prices can impact government revenues, mining profitability, and economic stability.

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

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Required before mining projects begin; influences project design and decision-making, important for permitting.

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Mineral Rent

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Economic gain from extracting minerals exceeds the cost; generates income for government and influences tax policies.

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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

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Evaluates environmental impacts of mining throughout a product's life; shaping sustainable development policy and business strategies.

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Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Mining

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Voluntary business practices that exceed compliance; enhances community relations and can affect social license to operate.

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Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM)

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Important for rural livelihoods but often associated with environmental damage and poor working conditions.

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Rare Earth Elements (REEs)

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Crucial for high-tech industries; geopolitical tensions due to concentration of supply in few countries.

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Resource Curse

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Paradox where countries with abundant resources tend to have less economic growth and worse development outcomes.

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Conflict Minerals

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Trade in minerals that finance armed conflict; leads to international regulations such as the Dodd-Frank Act.

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Valuation of Mineral Assets

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Methodologies to estimate the worth of minerals in the ground affect taxation and investment policies.

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Strategic Minerals

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Minerals critical to national security and economy; influence international trade policies and national stockpiling.

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