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Mineral Economics
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Land Reclamation
Restoring land after mining; involves economic considerations for bonds and insurance, and policy on post-mining land use.
Investment Attraction and Stability
Creating a favorable environment for mining investments; entails balancing fiscal regimes and regulatory stability.
Green Mining
Sustainable mining practices; important for reducing environmental impact and meeting societal expectations.
Mining Sector Regulation
Governs the operation of mines; important for investor confidence, environmental standards, and labor conditions.
Mineral Exploration Policy
Legislation governing the search for minerals; impacts the rate of new discoveries and guides land management.
Mineral Processing and Refining
Steps for transforming raw minerals into marketable forms; tied to environmental policy due to emissions and waste management.
Geopolitics of Minerals
International relations influencing access to mineral resources; affects trade policy, strategic alliances, and resource nationalism.
Mineral Reserves vs. Resources
Reserves are economically viable for extraction; resources have potential for future economic extraction.
Energy Minerals vs. Metallic Minerals
Energy minerals (e.g., coal, uranium) provide fuel, whereas metallic minerals (e.g., gold, iron) are used in a variety of industries.
Subsurface Mining Rights
Ownership and access rights to minerals underground influences land use and energy policies.
Mine Life Cycle
Influences investment decisions and environmental policies due to different stages from exploration to closure.
Acid Mine Drainage
Environmental issue requiring policy for prevention and mitigation; has heavy economic costs for water treatment.
Depletion Time
Time it takes to exhaust a mineral's reserves; guides policy on sustainable resource management and alternative development.
Royalties in Mining
Payments to resource owners (often governments); significant revenue source but impact mining competitiveness.
Commodity Price Volatility
Fluctuating prices can impact government revenues, mining profitability, and economic stability.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Required before mining projects begin; influences project design and decision-making, important for permitting.
Mineral Rent
Economic gain from extracting minerals exceeds the cost; generates income for government and influences tax policies.
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Evaluates environmental impacts of mining throughout a product's life; shaping sustainable development policy and business strategies.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Mining
Voluntary business practices that exceed compliance; enhances community relations and can affect social license to operate.
Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM)
Important for rural livelihoods but often associated with environmental damage and poor working conditions.
Rare Earth Elements (REEs)
Crucial for high-tech industries; geopolitical tensions due to concentration of supply in few countries.
Resource Curse
Paradox where countries with abundant resources tend to have less economic growth and worse development outcomes.
Conflict Minerals
Trade in minerals that finance armed conflict; leads to international regulations such as the Dodd-Frank Act.
Valuation of Mineral Assets
Methodologies to estimate the worth of minerals in the ground affect taxation and investment policies.
Strategic Minerals
Minerals critical to national security and economy; influence international trade policies and national stockpiling.
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