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Natural Resource Policy and Legislation
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Clean Air Act (1970)
Establishes national air quality standards. Significant for controlling air pollution and protecting air resources.
Clean Water Act (1972)
Aims to restore and maintain clean water. Significant for regulating discharges of pollutants and quality standards for surface waters.
Endangered Species Act (1973)
Protects critically endangered species and their habitats. Significant for conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)
Regulates the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste. Important for waste management and protection of land resources.
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (1980)
Provides a federal Superfund to clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous-waste sites. Key for environmental remediation and liability.
Energy Policy Act (1992)
Addresses energy efficiency, renewable energy, and the energy infrastructure. Significant for shaping the country's energy framework and sustainability.
Kyoto Protocol (1997)
International treaty that commits countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the premise of global warming. Significant for international climate policy.
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (1970)
Mandates environmental impact assessments for all federal projects. Significant as a framework for considering environmental effects in decision-making.
Water Resources Development Act (1986)
Outlines the policies for the development of water resources. Significant for water resource projects and Army Corps of Engineers activities.
Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976)
Govern the management of federal public lands by the Bureau of Land Management. Significant for land use planning and environmental protection.
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (1972)
Regulates ocean dumping and provides for the designation and protection of marine sanctuaries. Key for ocean environmental health.
The Wilderness Act (1964)
Created the legal definition of wilderness and protected large areas of federal land from development. Key for biodiversity and wilderness preservation.
Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) (1977)
Regulates surface coal mining and reclamation activities. Significant for land restoration and protection of communities from mining impacts.
Fisheries Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act) (1976)
Governs marine fisheries management in the United States' federal waters. Important for sustaining fish stocks and marine ecosystems.
Oil Pollution Act (1990)
Addresses prevention, response, and liability for oil spills in U.S. waters. Key for protecting water resources and coastal environments.
Food Quality Protection Act (1996)
Amends previous laws governing pesticides to require a stricter safety standard, especially for infants and children. Important for food safety and environmental health.
Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act (1977)
Provides for the assessment and conservation of soil and water resources. Important for sustaining agricultural productivity and environmental quality.
Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (Farm Bill) (2002)
Addresses a wide range of agricultural and food programs. Significant for agricultural conservation, energy, and trade provisions.
Antiquities Act (1906)
Allows the President to declare national monuments by public proclamation. Key for the protection of cultural and natural resources in the United States.
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968)
Preserves certain rivers with outstanding natural, cultural, and recreational values in a free-flowing condition. Key for river conservation.
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)
Implements various treaties protecting migratory birds. Significant for the conservation of bird populations and habitats.
Conservation Reserve Program (1985)
A land conservation program that pays farmers to remove environmentally sensitive land from agricultural production and plant species that will improve environmental health.
Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)
Ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Significant for protecting public health and regulating water providers.
The Paris Agreement (2015)
An international treaty on climate change aiming to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius. Significant for global emission reduction commitments.
Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (1974)
Mandates long-term strategic planning for the sustainable management of forest and rangeland resources in the U.S.
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (1947)
Regulates the registration, distribution, sale, and use of pesticides in the United States. Significant for protecting human health and the environment.
National Forest Management Act (1976)
Dictates the management of renewable resources on national forest lands. Significant for balancing commercial and non-commercial uses with conservation goals.
Lacey Act (1900)
Prohibits the transportation of illegally captured or prohibited animals across state lines. Key for combating trafficking and protecting wildlife.
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (1973)
An international agreement to ensure that trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Significant for global conservation efforts.
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments (1972)
Significant amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, expanded to what is commonly known as the Clean Water Act. Key for establishing pollutant discharge standards.
Coastal Zone Management Act (1972)
Provides a framework for protecting U.S. coastal zones from environmentally harmful overdevelopment. Important for coastal resource management.
Sustainable Fisheries Act (1996)
Amends the Magnuson-Stevens Act to promote sustainable fisheries. Key for implementing essential fish habitat protection and bycatch reduction.
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) (1986)
Helps communities plan for chemical emergencies. Significant for improving public knowledge and emergency preparedness regarding hazardous chemicals.
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (1976)
Gives EPA the ability to track industrial chemicals currently produced or imported into the United States. Important for assessing and regulating new and existing chemicals.
Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act (1937)
Provides funding for the selection, restoration, and improvement of wildlife habitat. Significant for state wildlife management and research.
Duck Stamp Act (1934)
Requires waterfowl hunters 16 years of age or older to possess a federal duck stamp. Major source of revenue for waterfowl habitat conservation.
Wildlife Conservation and Restoration Program (2000)
Provides federal aid to states for the conservation and restoration of wildlife. Important for supporting nongame species conservation.
Nuclear Waste Policy Act (1982)
Outlines the responsibilities of the federal government for the disposal of nuclear waste and spent nuclear fuel. Important for managing and facilitating radioactive waste disposal.
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