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Natural Resource Policy and Legislation

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Clean Water Act (1972)

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Aims to restore and maintain clean water. Significant for regulating discharges of pollutants and quality standards for surface waters.

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Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (1974)

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Mandates long-term strategic planning for the sustainable management of forest and rangeland resources in the U.S.

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Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) (1976)

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Gives EPA the ability to track industrial chemicals currently produced or imported into the United States. Important for assessing and regulating new and existing chemicals.

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Endangered Species Act (1973)

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Protects critically endangered species and their habitats. Significant for conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services.

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Food Quality Protection Act (1996)

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Amends previous laws governing pesticides to require a stricter safety standard, especially for infants and children. Important for food safety and environmental health.

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National Forest Management Act (1976)

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Dictates the management of renewable resources on national forest lands. Significant for balancing commercial and non-commercial uses with conservation goals.

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Federal Land Policy and Management Act (1976)

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Govern the management of federal public lands by the Bureau of Land Management. Significant for land use planning and environmental protection.

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Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) (1977)

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Regulates surface coal mining and reclamation activities. Significant for land restoration and protection of communities from mining impacts.

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Water Resources Development Act (1986)

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Outlines the policies for the development of water resources. Significant for water resource projects and Army Corps of Engineers activities.

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Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (Farm Bill) (2002)

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Addresses a wide range of agricultural and food programs. Significant for agricultural conservation, energy, and trade provisions.

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Duck Stamp Act (1934)

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Requires waterfowl hunters 16 years of age or older to possess a federal duck stamp. Major source of revenue for waterfowl habitat conservation.

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Clean Air Act (1970)

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Establishes national air quality standards. Significant for controlling air pollution and protecting air resources.

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Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968)

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Preserves certain rivers with outstanding natural, cultural, and recreational values in a free-flowing condition. Key for river conservation.

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Migratory Bird Treaty Act (1918)

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Implements various treaties protecting migratory birds. Significant for the conservation of bird populations and habitats.

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Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) (1947)

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Regulates the registration, distribution, sale, and use of pesticides in the United States. Significant for protecting human health and the environment.

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Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (1973)

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An international agreement to ensure that trade in wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Significant for global conservation efforts.

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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) (1980)

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Provides a federal Superfund to clean up uncontrolled or abandoned hazardous-waste sites. Key for environmental remediation and liability.

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Conservation Reserve Program (1985)

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A land conservation program that pays farmers to remove environmentally sensitive land from agricultural production and plant species that will improve environmental health.

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Pittman-Robertson Wildlife Restoration Act (1937)

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Provides funding for the selection, restoration, and improvement of wildlife habitat. Significant for state wildlife management and research.

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Wildlife Conservation and Restoration Program (2000)

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Provides federal aid to states for the conservation and restoration of wildlife. Important for supporting nongame species conservation.

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The Wilderness Act (1964)

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Created the legal definition of wilderness and protected large areas of federal land from development. Key for biodiversity and wilderness preservation.

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Fisheries Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act) (1976)

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Governs marine fisheries management in the United States' federal waters. Important for sustaining fish stocks and marine ecosystems.

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The Paris Agreement (2015)

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An international treaty on climate change aiming to limit global warming to well below 2 degrees Celsius. Significant for global emission reduction commitments.

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Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments (1972)

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Significant amendments to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, expanded to what is commonly known as the Clean Water Act. Key for establishing pollutant discharge standards.

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Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) (1986)

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Helps communities plan for chemical emergencies. Significant for improving public knowledge and emergency preparedness regarding hazardous chemicals.

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National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (1970)

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Mandates environmental impact assessments for all federal projects. Significant as a framework for considering environmental effects in decision-making.

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Soil and Water Resources Conservation Act (1977)

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Provides for the assessment and conservation of soil and water resources. Important for sustaining agricultural productivity and environmental quality.

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Antiquities Act (1906)

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Allows the President to declare national monuments by public proclamation. Key for the protection of cultural and natural resources in the United States.

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Safe Drinking Water Act (1974)

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Ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Significant for protecting public health and regulating water providers.

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Sustainable Fisheries Act (1996)

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Amends the Magnuson-Stevens Act to promote sustainable fisheries. Key for implementing essential fish habitat protection and bycatch reduction.

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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976)

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Regulates the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste. Important for waste management and protection of land resources.

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Coastal Zone Management Act (1972)

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Provides a framework for protecting U.S. coastal zones from environmentally harmful overdevelopment. Important for coastal resource management.

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Kyoto Protocol (1997)

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International treaty that commits countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the premise of global warming. Significant for international climate policy.

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Lacey Act (1900)

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Prohibits the transportation of illegally captured or prohibited animals across state lines. Key for combating trafficking and protecting wildlife.

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Energy Policy Act (1992)

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Addresses energy efficiency, renewable energy, and the energy infrastructure. Significant for shaping the country's energy framework and sustainability.

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Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (1972)

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Regulates ocean dumping and provides for the designation and protection of marine sanctuaries. Key for ocean environmental health.

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Oil Pollution Act (1990)

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Addresses prevention, response, and liability for oil spills in U.S. waters. Key for protecting water resources and coastal environments.

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Nuclear Waste Policy Act (1982)

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Outlines the responsibilities of the federal government for the disposal of nuclear waste and spent nuclear fuel. Important for managing and facilitating radioactive waste disposal.

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