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A theory that describes how individuals acting independently and rationally according to each's self-interest behave contrary to the best interests of the whole group by depleting a common resource.

A legal and economic theory stating that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own.

A theory that defines an externality as a cost or benefit for a third party who did not agree to the particular action causing the cost or benefit.

A problem that occurs when those who benefit from resources, goods, or services do not pay for them, which results in an under-provision of those goods or services.

A hypothesized relationship between environmental quality and economic development: as income increases, environmental degradation first increases and then decreases.

An environmental policy principle demanding that the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment.

A principle that advocates taking proactive action to prevent harm to the public or the environment, where scientific findings are not yet conclusive.

The economic theory that limited natural resources will pose a limit on economic growth and may lead to depletion and environmental degradation.

A social movement and field of study that examines the fair distribution of environmental benefits and burdens across various groups, often focusing on marginalized communities.

A development paradigm that seeks to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

A process used to estimate the potential impact of chemical substances, technologies, or activities on human health and the environment.

An economic rule that predicts the rate at which the price of a non-renewable resource will rise over time, equivalent to the interest rate.

A market-based approach to controlling pollution by providing economic incentives for reducing emissions of pollutants.

A type of accounting that attempts to factor environmental costs into the financial results of operations.

A process whereby the potential environmental impacts of a proposed project are measured and the plan is made to mitigate those impacts.

An economic system aimed at eliminating waste and the continual use of resources by reusing, sharing, repairing, refurbishing, remanufacturing and recycling.

Environmental policies that set specific limits for pollution emissions and/or specific pollution control technologies that must be used.

A measure of how much area of biologically productive land and water an individual, population, or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the waste it generates.

The many and varied benefits to humans provided by the natural environment and from healthy ecosystems.

Mathematical models that describe the dynamic interactions between economic decisions and biological processes, often used for fishery management.

The world's stocks of natural assets which include geology, soil, air, water, and all living things that provide humans with goods and services.

A ratio of the amount of usable energy acquired from a particular energy resource to the amount of energy expended to obtain that energy resource.

The fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people, regardless of race, color, national origin, or income, with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies.

The cost associated with eliminating a unit of pollution.