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An approach in medical ethics which focuses on the four prima facie moral principles: respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, and justice. This framework is used in medical decision-making to resolve ethical dilemmas.

An ethical theory that emphasizes the rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, as opposed to the rightness or wrongness of the consequences of those actions. In medicine, it may manifest as the belief in the duty to care for a patient, regardless of the outcome.

A philosophical approach that emphasizes an individual's character as the key element of ethical thinking, rather than rules about the acts themselves or their consequences. In medicine, practitioners focus on achieving moral character and virtuous habits to make ethical decisions.

A case-based reasoning in ethics that draws on historical and analogical comparison to resolve moral conflicts. In the medical field, casuistry is applied by comparing current ethical dilemmas with exemplar cases to find ethically justified resolutions.

Also known as the ethics of care, this normative ethical theory emphasizes interpersonal relationships and care or benevolence as a virtue. In a medical setting, this can influence the way healthcare professionals interact with patients, fostering a caring relationship.