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African Resistance Leaders

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Kenneth Kaunda

Led Zambia to independence; first President of Zambia

Steve Biko

Anti-apartheid activist in South Africa; founded the Black Consciousness Movement

Ahmed Ben Bella

Algerian independence from French colonization; first President of Algeria

Julius Nyerere

Led Tanganyika to independence; first President of Tanzania

Patrice Lumumba

Independence movement in the Belgian Congo; first Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Robert Mugabe

Independence movement in Rhodesia; first Prime Minister and later President of Zimbabwe

Kwame Nkrumah

Led Ghana to independence from Britain; first President of Ghana

Amílcar Cabral

Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde independence from Portuguese control

Nelson Mandela

Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa; became the first black president of South Africa

Haile Selassie

Ethiopian resistance against Italian invasion; modernized Ethiopia

Thomas Sankara

Burkinabé Revolution; implemented policies for self-sufficiency in Burkina Faso

Jomo Kenyatta

Kenyan independence movement; first President of Kenya

Samora Machel

Liberation struggle against Portuguese colonial rule; first President of Mozambique

Leopold Sedar Senghor

Senegal's independence movement; first President of Senegal

Sekou Toure

Guinean independence movement from French colonial rule; first President of Guinea

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