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Leaders: Edward Wilmot Blyden and Henry McNeal Turner. Objectives: Encouragement of African self-help and determination, moral upliftment, and Christianization as a platform for resisting colonial rule.

Leaders: Aimé Césaire, Léopold Sédar Senghor, and Léon Damas. Objectives: Celebrating black culture and identity, pushback against French colonial rule, and opposing assimilation policies.

Leaders: W.E.B. Du Bois, Henry Sylvester-Williams. Objectives: To address issues facing Africa due to European colonization, to discuss racial discrimination, and to promote African self-governance.

Leaders: Marcus Garvey. Objectives: To promote African Americans' resettlement in Africa, to foster global economic independence for black people, and to build a strong racial pride.

Leaders: Kwame Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, Julius Nyerere. Objectives: To achieve national self-determination, end colonization, and establish independent African states.

Leaders: Steve Biko. Objectives: To foster a sense of pride and unity among black South Africans, to reject apartheid, and promote psychological liberation.

Leaders: Dedan Kimathi, Jomo Kenyatta. Objectives: To end British colonial rule in Kenya and to reclaim lands taken by European settlers.