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Territorial extent: Southeastern Mexico, all of Guatemala and Belize, and the western portions of Honduras and El Salvador; Cultural practices: The Long Count calendar, advanced writing system, and the construction of elaborate ceremonial architecture; Historical timeline: 2600 BC - 900 AD (Classic Period)

Territorial extent: Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico; Cultural practices: Hieroglyphic script, building large ceremonial centers, and development of intricate calendar systems; Historical timeline: 500 BC - 1521 AD

Territorial extent: Southern Peru, Bolivia, parts of Chile and Argentina; Cultural practices: Monumental architecture, a complex sociopolitical structure, and advanced pottery techniques; Historical timeline: 500 AD - 1000 AD

Territorial extent: Western South America, along the Andes; Cultural practices: Worship of the Sun God Inti, quipu for record-keeping, and terrace farming; Historical timeline: 1438 AD - 1533 AD

Territorial extent: Located in the Basin of Mexico, near present-day Mexico City; Cultural practices: Pyramids dedicated to gods, multi-floor apartment compounds, and murals with religious and mythological themes; Historical timeline: 100 BC - 550 AD

Territorial extent: Around Bogotá, Colombian Andes; Cultural practices: The Muisca raft for the investiture of the Zipa – the basis for the legend of El Dorado, elaborate gold work, and farming using terrace and irrigation systems; Historical timeline: 600 AD - 1600 AD

Territorial extent: Centered in the highlands of Peru; Cultural practices: Urban planning with orthogonal streets, terraced fields for agriculture, and the spread of Quechua language; Historical timeline: 600 AD - 1100 AD

Territorial extent: Western Bolivia, southern Peru, and parts of Argentina and Chile; Cultural practices: Known for megalithic architecture, a hierarchical society, and a ceremonial complex at the capital; Historical timeline: 300 AD - 1000 AD

Territorial extent: North-central coastal Peru; Cultural practices: Constructed monumental structures called 'platform mounds', a reliance on fishing and maritime food sources, and an absence of visual art and pottery; Historical timeline: 3000 BC - 1800 BC

Territorial extent: Present-day Mexican state of Hidalgo; Cultural practices: Known for Chac Mool sculptures, militaristic society, and worship of Quetzalcoatl; Historical timeline: 900 AD - 1168 AD

Territorial extent: Central Mexico; Cultural practices: Human sacrifices, polytheism, and chinampa agriculture; Historical timeline: 1428 AD - 1521 AD