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Brazil returned to civilian rule after 21 years of military dictatorship. The end of the military regime led to a transition to democracy and the drafting of a new constitution.

Brazil won its fifth FIFA World Cup in 2002 under the leadership of coach Luiz Felipe Scolari. This victory reinforced Brazil's status as a football powerhouse and had significant national pride implications.

The Golden Law, signed by Princess Isabel, legally abolished slavery in Brazil. It was the last country in the Western hemisphere to abolish slavery, which had major social and economic impacts.

Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral officially discovered Brazil and claimed it for Portugal. This event marked the beginning of the European colonization of the American continent.

A military coup led to the fall of the Brazilian Empire and the establishment of the Brazilian Republic on November 15, 1889. This transition from monarchy to republicanism changed the nation's form of government.

On September 7, 1822, Dom Pedro I declared Brazil's independence from Portugal, leading to the foundation of the Empire of Brazil. This marked the end of colonial rule and the emergence of a new, independent nation.

On March 31, 1964, a group of military leaders ousted President João Goulart, initiating a military dictatorship that lasted until 1985. The regime was marked by political repression, censorship, and human rights abuses.

The Revolution of 1930 was a bloodless coup that ended the First Brazilian Republic. It resulted in the rise of Getúlio Vargas to power, which led to significant political and social reforms in Brazil.

The Estado Novo was an authoritarian regime under Getúlio Vargas. It ended in 1945 with his resignation and the transition to the democratic period known as the Second Brazilian Republic.

After the end of the military dictatorship, a new Brazilian Constitution was promulgated on October 5, 1988, establishing the Federal Republic of Brazil with enhanced rights and freedoms for citizens.

Escaping the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the Portuguese royal family relocated to Rio de Janeiro, leading to the opening of Brazilian ports to international trade and accelerating the country's socio-economic development.

Portuguese explorers, led by Gaspar de Lemos, named the Guanabara Bay 'Rio de Janeiro', meaning 'January River', mistakenly thinking it was a river mouth. It later became the name of the city founded there.

Operation Car Wash was a major federal investigation that uncovered widespread corruption in Brazilian politics and business, involving state-controlled oil company Petrobras. The case had serious implications for the country's political landscape.

Brazil adopted its first constitution, which established a constitutional monarchy with a strong emperor. It was a key milestone in the formation of the Brazilian state and its institutional structures.

President Fernando Collor was impeached due to corruption charges, marking the first presidential impeachment in Brazil. This event paved the way for stronger democratic institutions and accountability.

A series of mass protests across Brazil, sparked by increased bus fares, expanded into demonstrations against corruption, poor public services, and World Cup expenditures. The protests had lasting political repercussions.

The Dutch West India Company invaded and occupied Northeast Brazil, targeting the sugar cane industry during the Dutch-Portuguese War. The occupation lasted until 1654 and influenced local culture and economy.

Following the proclamation of the republic, Brazil adopted its first republican constitution, which was influenced by the U.S. model. It marked the beginning of federalism in Brazil.

The Constitutionalist Revolution was an armed movement in São Paulo that demanded a new constitution and called for an end to Vargas' provisional government. It played a significant role in the writing of the 1934 constitution.

The First Battle of Guararapes, part of the Pernambucan Insurrection, was a conflict against Dutch occupation in Brazil. It was fundamental in consolidating a sense of Brazilian identity and unity.

A devastating fire consumed Brazil's National Museum in Rio de Janeiro, leading to the loss of 90% of its collection. The tragedy highlighted issues of cultural preservation and budgetary neglect in Brazil.

President Dilma Rousseff was impeached for budgetary fiscal manipulations, concluding a contentious political battle and leading to the rise of Vice President Michel Temer. The event deepened political divisions within the country.

Brazil faced significant challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic, with a high number of cases and deaths. The government's response, including issues of public health management and vaccine deployment, faced global scrutiny.

The discovery of large pre-salt oil reserves off the coast of Brazil brought significant economic potential to the country. It placed Brazil among the countries with the largest oil reserves in the world.