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Explored the southwestern United States; his accounts gave Europeans their first view of the interior.

Conquered much of what is now Colombia and Ecuador; founded the cities of Quito and Cali.

Explored and conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico; established Mexico City.

Governor of Hispaniola; helped pacify the island, consolidated Spanish power, and began the encomienda system.

Searched for the Seven Cities of Gold in the North American Southwest.

Explored Florida and other parts of southeastern North America; searched for the Fountain of Youth.

Explored and conquered parts of Central America, including Guatemala.

Conquered and colonized the southern part of Chile; founded Santiago.

Explored the interior of Colombia and founded the city of Bogotá.

Explored the southeastern United States, and was the first documented European to cross the Mississippi River.

Led the first known expedition along the entire length of the Amazon River.

First European to see the Pacific Ocean from the New World by crossing the Isthmus of Panama.

Conquered the Incan Empire in modern-day Peru.

Explored and conquered parts of Chile and Peru; engaged in the civil war among the Spanish conquistadors in Peru.