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Explored and conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico; established Mexico City.

Conquered the Incan Empire in modern-day Peru.

Explored Florida and other parts of southeastern North America; searched for the Fountain of Youth.

Explored the southeastern United States, and was the first documented European to cross the Mississippi River.

Searched for the Seven Cities of Gold in the North American Southwest.

Explored the southwestern United States; his accounts gave Europeans their first view of the interior.

Explored and conquered parts of Central America, including Guatemala.

Led the first known expedition along the entire length of the Amazon River.

Conquered much of what is now Colombia and Ecuador; founded the cities of Quito and Cali.

Explored and conquered parts of Chile and Peru; engaged in the civil war among the Spanish conquistadors in Peru.

Governor of Hispaniola; helped pacify the island, consolidated Spanish power, and began the encomienda system.

First European to see the Pacific Ocean from the New World by crossing the Isthmus of Panama.

Explored parts of Mexico and the Yucatan peninsula; his discoveries paved the way for Cortés' conquest.

Conquered and colonized the southern part of Chile; founded Santiago.