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A currency crisis that originated in Mexico in 1994 and led to the devaluation of the Mexican peso. It caused economic hardship and required a U.S. loan to stabilize the financial situation.

An American foreign policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas, declared in 1823. For Latin America, it eventually translated into US economic dominance and political intervention in the region.

The redistribution of land from the few to the many. In Latin America, agrarian reforms aimed to break up large estates and distribute land to peasants, often leading to struggles and conflicts.

An economic policy that promotes governmental regulation of a nation's economy for augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. In Latin America, it resulted in dependency on colonial powers and the extraction of wealth.

The international process of recycling the US dollar earned by oil-producing countries through investments abroad. For Latin American oil-exporting countries, this phenomenon played a role in their economic interaction with the global market.

An economic policy that replaces foreign imports with domestic production. In Latin America, ISI was employed to reduce dependency on imported goods and foster local industry in the mid-20th century.

In the 1980s, Bolivia experienced extreme rates of inflation, surpassing 20,000%, leading to economic disruption and poverty. The government implemented drastic economic reforms to stabilize the economy.

A campaign of political repression involving right-wing dictatorships in Southern Cone countries, supported by the United States during the Cold War. It aimed to abolish socialist influence and leftist thoughts but resulted in human rights violations and hindered political and social progress in these countries.

A form of American foreign policy to further its aims in Latin America and East Asia through the use of economic power by guaranteeing loans to foreign countries. In Latin America, it contributed to resentment and resistance against American intervention.

A set of 10 economic policy prescriptions advocated by developed-country institutions for crisis-wracked developing countries. These policies often led to controversy and backlash in Latin American countries due to their focus on austerity, privatization, and deregulation.

An agreement between Spain and Portugal in 1494 which divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe. This treaty impacted the colonial boundaries and the distribution of wealth in Latin America for centuries to come.

A traditional form of land tenure in Latin America, reminiscent of the feudal system, which resulted in a concentration of land ownership. The persistence of the hacienda system has contributed to social inequality and hindered modern agricultural development.

A revolutionary leftist movement originating in Chiapas, Mexico, in 1994, seeking indigenous control over their land and resources. The uprising emphasized the struggles for indigenous rights and contributed to discourse on globalization and neoliberalism in Latin America.

Economic policies for developing countries prescribed by the IMF and the World Bank, which often entail privatization, liberalization, and cuts in social spending. In Latin America, SAPs have led to social unrest and increased poverty in some regions.

A Latin American trade bloc, formed with the objective of promoting economic integration and free trade among member countries, including Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, aiming to foster development and competitive markets.

A 10-week war between Argentina and the United Kingdom in 1982 over two British dependent territories in the South Atlantic: the Falkland Islands. The defeat severely affected the Argentine military regime and restored democratic leadership.

A political approach that seeks to appeal to ordinary people who feel their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups. Notable examples include Juan Perón in Argentina and Hugo Chávez in Venezuela, which often led to significant economic and social reforms.

A South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of Ouro Preto in 1994. Its goal is to promote free trade and fluid movement of goods, people, and currency. It includes influential Latin American economies seeking to increase regional trade and investment.

A UN body established to encourage economic cooperation among its member states in Latin America and the Caribbean. It has played a role in promoting economic development and regional integration.

A conflict between Chile and a Bolivian-Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884, primarily over control of nitrate-rich coastline areas. Resulted in Bolivia becoming landlocked and had significant implications for regional trade and economy.

A successful armed rebellion that overthrew the authoritarian government in Cuba in 1959, which led to the creation of a socialist state. This event had significant implications for US-Latin American relations and the propagation of leftist ideologies in the region.

A major armed struggle from 1910 to 1920 that radically transformed Mexican politics and society, including land redistribution and worker rights. It led to the establishment of a constitution that advocated for social and economic reforms in Mexico.

A severe worldwide economic depression in the 1930s. Latin America was hit hard, with plummeting commodity prices and reduced demand for exports, prompting a reconsideration of dependence on commodity exports.

A financial crisis that hit Latin America due to an inability to service foreign debt, leading to economic stagnation and the implementation of austerity measures often referred to as the 'Lost Decade.'

A term describing the 21st-century rise of leftist and center-left governments in Latin American countries, focusing on social equity and reducing the influence of the United States on local politics.

The international monetary system that prevailed from the end of World War II until the early 1970s, based on fixed exchange rates anchored by the US dollar. The collapse of this system had profound implications for Latin American economies, leading to greater exchange rate volatility and financial integration challenges.

An economic organization created in 1960 by a treaty between Latin American countries to foster economic integration and free trade. Although it faced challenges, it set the stage for later regional trade agreements and economic cooperation initiatives.

An American corporation that traded in tropical fruit, primarily bananas, grown on Latin American plantations. It had significant influence on the economic and political landscape of Latin American countries, often dubbed 'Banana Republics'.

A large-scale corruption investigation in Brazil that began in 2014, which unearthed systemic bribery and corruption within Petrobras and the Brazilian political class, profoundly affecting the country's political stability and economic performance.