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A process by which a patient voluntarily confirms their wish to undergo a particular treatment or procedure, after being informed of all the risks, benefits, alternatives, and potential consequences.

The patient must have the ability to understand and appreciate the nature and consequences of the decision and must be able to make a voluntary choice.

All relevant information regarding the treatment or procedure should be presented to the patient in a manner that is understandable to them, which may include risks, benefits, alternatives, and potential outcomes.

The healthcare provider must ensure that the patient has fully understood the information presented, and the patient should be allowed to ask questions to clarify any doubts.

Consent must be given without any form of coercion or undue influence, ensuring the patient’s decision is made freely.

In emergencies, when consent cannot be obtained and delay in treatment may result in harm, the healthcare provider may proceed with life-saving measures without formal consent.

Informed consent should be properly documented, often through the use of consent forms that detail what was explained and the patient's understanding and agreement.

Patients have the right to withdraw consent at any time and may discontinue treatment or participation in research without penalty or loss of benefits to which they are otherwise entitled.

Participants must be informed of the research's purpose, procedures, risks, benefits, and their rights, and must consent before participating.

Clinicians may withhold specific information if disclosing it would severely harm the patient's emotional or physical health, but this is a rare exception in practice.

When a patient cannot give informed consent, a legally appointed representative or family member may give consent on their behalf.

Parents or legal guardians give consent for medical treatments on behalf of minors, but minors may participate in decisions to the extent of their capacity.

If multiple medically acceptable treatment options exist, the patient should be informed about each option and its risks and benefits to choose the one that aligns with their values and preferences.

Healthcare providers should provide interpreters or translated materials to ensure patients who do not speak English can participate in the informed consent process.