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Reproductive Rights and the Law
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Parental Notification Laws
Laws that require a minor seeking an abortion to notify or obtain consent from one or both parents. These laws vary state by state and raise concerns about minors' rights and safety.
Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
The 2022 Supreme Court decision that overturned Roe v. Wade, granting states the authority to regulate abortion without recognizing it as a federal constitutional right.
Buffer Zone Laws Around Reproductive Health Clinics
Laws that create protected areas around clinics to ensure safe entry for patients and employees, with debates concerning freedom of speech and assembly versus safety and clinic access.
Hyde Amendment
Legislation that bans the use of federal funds for abortions except to save the life of the woman, or if the pregnancy arises from incest or rape.
Freedom of Access to Clinic Entrances Act (FACE)
Federal law enacted in 1994 to protect the free access to reproductive health services by prohibiting threats and obstruction at clinics offering abortion services.
Informed Consent for Abortion
Legal requirement for medical professionals to inform a patient about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of abortion, with controversies over 'biased counseling' and 'mandatory waiting periods'.
Sterilization Consent Laws
Regulations that require informed consent before sterilization procedures to prevent coercive or uninformed sterilizations, with historical abuses leading to ongoing ethical and legal discussions.
Fetal Personhood and Legal Implications
Legislative measures and public initiatives that ascribe legal rights to unborn fetuses, impacting abortion rights and raising complex questions regarding the definition of personhood and maternal-fetal conflicts.
Gestational Limits on Abortion
Laws that restrict the period during which an abortion is legally permissible, often tied to fetal viability or specific pregnancy weeks, sparking debate over the balancing of rights and medical autonomy.
Global Gag Rule
A policy that restricts U.S. international aid to organizations that perform or promote abortion as part of family planning services, leading to debate over U.S. foreign policy and reproductive health.
Assisted Reproductive Technology Laws
Legal frameworks governing the use of technologies like IVF and surrogacy, focusing on ethical considerations, parental rights, and the legal status of embryos.
Planned Parenthood v. Casey
The 1992 Supreme Court case that reaffirmed the core holding of Roe v. Wade but allowed states to impose restrictions on abortion as long as they do not place an 'undue burden' on the woman.
Roe v. Wade
1973 Supreme Court decision that established a woman's legal right to an abortion under the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. Overturned by the Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health decision in 2022.
Conscientious Objection in Reproductive Healthcare
The ethical right for healthcare providers to refuse participation in procedures like abortion on moral or religious grounds, countered by patient access and healthcare obligations debates.
Emergency Contraception and Legal Accessibility
Legal issues surrounding over-the-counter access, age restrictions, and religious objections to emergency contraceptive methods like Plan B, often relating to rights to privacy and bodily autonomy.
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