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The belief that judges apply objective principles of law, without influence of personal views; Christopher Langdell and Joseph Beale represent this approach.

The principle that government can and should be legally limited in its powers, and that its authority depends on enforcing these limitations; figures include Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.

Posits that state and laws are unnecessary and harmful; justice can be achieved through voluntary cooperation and mutual aid; Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin are advocates.

Law is defined by social facts and not by its merits; laws are commands of the state; key proponents include John Austin and H.L.A. Hart.

Examines law's impact on gender, advocating for equality; Catharine MacKinnon and Kimberlé Crenshaw contributed significantly to this field.

Applies economic principles to the analysis of law; laws are seen as efficiency-driven tools; Richard Posner and Ronald Coase are important contributors.

Views law as a tool for promoting the continuation of capitalism and class domination; Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels are the foundational thinkers.

Emphasizes how law is actually applied; skeptical of legal formalism; Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. and Karl Llewellyn were notable realists.

Addresses the global context of law, beyond nation-states; includes concepts like universal jurisdiction and transnational justice; Anne-Marie Slaughter and Philip Allott are contributors.

Law should aim to maximize the greatest happiness for the greatest number; associated with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

Emphasizes individual rights and freedoms as central to law; key proponents include John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin.

Focus on moral theory of law; laws are derived from what is inherently right; proponents include Thomas Aquinas and John Finnis.

Analyzes the intersection of race and law; contends that law is instrumental in upholding racial hierarchy; Derrick Bell and Kimberlé Crenshaw are key figures.

Critical of traditional legal institutions; sees law as a means of upholding social, political, and economic power; Duncan Kennedy and Roberto Unger are known proponents.