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U.S. Federal Courts Structure
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U.S. Supreme Court
Highest court in the federal system; final arbiter of federal constitutional law.
U.S. Courts of Appeals
Intermediate appellate courts; review district court decisions and some federal agencies.
U.S. District Courts
General trial courts of the federal system; handle civil and criminal cases.
Bankruptcy Courts
Specialized courts dealing with bankruptcy cases; function as adjuncts to the district courts.
U.S. Court of International Trade
Specialized court with nationwide jurisdiction; deals with international trade and customs issues.
U.S. Court of Federal Claims
Handles claims for money damages against the U.S., typically involving contracts, takings, and federal employees' pay.
U.S. Tax Court
Specialized court; hears disputes between taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
Specialized appellate court with nationwide jurisdiction; hears appeals from specific subject matter, like patents.
U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces
Appellate court; reviews court-martial convictions of members of the U.S. armed forces.
U.S. Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims
Reviews decisions by the Board of Veterans' Appeals that are appealed by claimants.
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